Systems and methods of monitoring electrodermal activity (EDA) using an AC signal and discrete fourier transform (DFT) analysis
View Patent ↗Systems and methods of monitoring electrodermal activity (EDA) in human subjects suitable for use in wearable electronic devices. An EDA monitoring system can include first and second dry electrodes, an alternating current (AC) excitation signal source, a trans-impedance amplifier, an analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processor, and a microprocessor. The AC excitation signal source can produce an AC excitation signal having a predetermined excitation frequency, such as about 100 or 120 Hertz (Hz). The analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter can include a sample-and-hold circuit that operates at a predetermined sampling frequency, such as about four times (4×) the predetermined excitation frequency of 100 or 120 Hz. The DFT processor can generate complex frequency domain representations of digitized, sampled voltage level sequences provided by the A-to-D converter for use in obtaining measures of a user's skin impedance or skin conductance.
1. A system for monitoring electrodermal activity, comprising:
a first dry electrode for making contact with a first area of skin;
a second dry electrode for making contact with a second area of the skin;
an excitation channel operative to provide an alternating current (AC) excitation signal at a predetermined excitation frequency, thereby causing an AC current to flow between the first dry electrode and the second dry electrode within a stratum corneum of the skin,
wherein the excitation channel includes an excitation signal source, the excitation signal source being operative to generate the AC excitation signal as a square wave signal;
wherein the excitation channel further includes a low-pass filter, the low-pass filter operative to convert the square wave signal to an AC sinusoidal signal;
a reception channel including
a trans-impedance amplifier configured to convert the AC current to an AC voltage signal and
an analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter configured to convert a sampled AC voltage signal to a digitized voltage level sequence; and
a discrete Fourier transform processor operative to generate a complex frequency domain representation of the digitized voltage level sequence, and to separate noise frequencies from the complex frequency domain representation of the digitized voltage level sequence.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
integrated circuitry operative to obtain a measure of at least one of skin impedance and skin conductance based on the digitized voltage level sequence.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to obtain a magnitude of the measure of at least one of the skin impedance and the skin conductance in a complex frequency domain.
4. The system of claim 3 wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to obtain a phase of the measure of at least one of the skin impedance and the skin conductance in the complex frequency domain.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the excitation channel further includes a first capacitor, and wherein the low-pass filter is further operative to provide the AC sinusoidal signal to the first dry electrode through the first capacitor.
6. The system of claim 5 wherein the reception channel further includes a second capacitor, and wherein the trans-impedance amplifier is operative to receive the AC current from the second dry electrode through the second capacitor.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein the first capacitor and the second capacitor are operative to provide capacitive isolation for the first area and the second area, respectively, of the skin.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein the predetermined excitation frequency is one of about 100 Hertz (Hz) and about 120 Hz.
9. A system for monitoring electrodermal activity, comprising:
a first dry electrode for making contact with a first area of skin;
a second dry electrode for making contact with a second area of skin;
an excitation signal source operative to generate a square wave signal at a predetermined excitation frequency;
a level shifter operative to level-shift the square wave signal;
a low-pass filter operative to convert the level-shifted square wave signal to an alternating current (AC) sinusoidal signal, and to apply the AC sinusoidal signal to a first capacitor connected to the first dry electrode, thereby causing an AC current to flow between the first dry electrode and the second dry electrode within the stratum corneum of the skin;
a trans-impedance amplifier operative to receive the AC current through a second capacitor connected to the second dry electrode and to convert the AC current to an AC voltage signal;
an analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter having a sample-and-hold circuit configured to sample the AC voltage signal and generate a sampled AC voltage signal, wherein the A-to-D converter is configured to convert the sampled AC voltage signal to a digitized voltage level sequence; and
integrated circuitry operative to obtain a measure of at least one of skin impedance and skin conductance based on the digitized voltage level sequence, wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to separate noise frequencies from the digitized voltage level sequence.
10. The system of claim 9 wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to obtain a magnitude of the measure of at least one of the skin impedance and the skin conductance in a complex frequency domain.
11. The system of claim 10 wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to obtain a phase of the measure of at least one of the skin impedance and the skin conductance in the complex frequency domain.
12. The system of claim 9 wherein the predetermined excitation frequency is one of about 100 Hertz (Hz) and about 120 Hz.
13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the sample-and-hold circuit is configured to sample the AC voltage signal at a sampling frequency of four times (4×) the predetermined excitation frequency.
14. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processor operative to generate a complex frequency domain representation of the digitized voltage level sequence.
15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the AC current between the first dry electrode and the second dry electrode flows through a stratum corneum of the skin.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the A-to-D converter includes a sample-and-hold circuit configured to sample the AC voltage signal at a sampling frequency and generate the sampled AC voltage signal.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the sampling frequency is about four times (4×) the predetermined excitation frequency.
18. A apparatus for monitoring electrodermal activity, comprising:
a first dry electrode for making contact with a first area of skin;
a second dry electrode for making contact with a second area of the skin;
an excitation channel operative to provide an alternating current (AC) excitation signal at a predetermined excitation frequency, thereby causing an AC current to flow between the first dry electrode and the second dry electrode within the stratum corneum of the skin;
an amplifier configured to convert the AC current to an AC voltage signal;
an analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter having a sample-and-hold circuit configured to sample the AC voltage signal, wherein the A-to-D converter is configured to convert the sampled AC voltage signal to a digitized voltage level sequence; and
a discrete Fourier transform processor operative to generate a complex frequency domain representation of the digitized voltage level sequence, and to separate noise frequencies from the complex frequency domain representation of the digitized voltage level sequence.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the noise frequencies include at least one of environmental noise frequencies, 50 Hz power line noise, and 60 Hz power line noise.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 , further comprising integrated circuitry operative to obtain a measure of at least one of skin impedance and skin conductance based on the digitized voltage level sequence.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to obtain a magnitude of the measure of at least one of the skin impedance and the skin conductance in a complex frequency domain.
22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the integrated circuitry is further operative to obtain a phase of the measure of at least one of the skin impedance and the skin conductance in the complex frequency domain.