Registration and overlay error correction of electrophotographically formed elements in an additive manufacturing system
In a method for printing a three-dimensional (3D) parts with an additive manufacturing system, a developed layer of an electrically charged powder material is produced on a transfer medium using an electrophotographic (EP) engine. The transfer medium and the developed layer are fed in a feed direction. A position of the developed layer on the transfer medium is detected using a first sensor having a first output that indicates the position. A position of a moveable build platform is adjusted relative to the transfer medium to reduce one or more overlay errors between the developed layer and an intermediate build surface of a three-dimensional structure retained on the moveable build platform based on the first output. The developed layer is transferred to the intermediate build surface using a pressing element.
1. An additive manufacturing system for printing three-dimensional (3D) parts, the additive manufacturing system comprising:
a first electrophotographic (EP) engine configured to develop layers of a first electrically charged powder material;
a transfer medium configured to receive the developed layers from the first EP engine;
a build platform;
one or more gantry mechanisms configured to move the build platform;
a pressing element configured to press the developed layers on the transfer medium into contact with intermediate build surfaces of a three-dimensional structure on the build platform in a layer-by-layer manner;
a first sensor having a first output indicating a detected position of a developed layer on the transfer medium; and
a controller configured to adjust the one or more gantry mechanisms to compensate for one or more overlay errors between the developed layer and the intermediate build surfaces, using the first output.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the pressing element comprises a nip roller;
the system comprises an encoder having an encoder output that is indicative of a rotational velocity of the nip roller; and
the controller adjusts the one or more gantry mechanisms to compensate for the one or more overlay errors between the developed layer and the intermediate build surfaces using the encoder output.
3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the first sensor comprises an electromagnetic energy source, and electromagnetic energy discharged from the electromagnetic energy source is directed toward the transfer medium.
4. The system according to claim 3 , wherein:
the transfer medium comprises a belt; and
the electromagnetic energy source has a wavelength to which the transfer belt is substantially opaque or transparent.
5. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the electromagnetic energy source is configured to discharge electromagnetic energy having a wavelength selected from the group consisting of about 405 nm, about 635 nm, and about 300 nm-1000 nm.
6. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the first sensor is located upstream from a pressing location of the pressing element along the transfer medium relative to a feed direction of the transfer medium.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the transfer medium comprises a belt; and
the first sensor is located along the belt greater than 4 inches from the pressing location of the pressing element.
8. The system according to claim 7 , comprising a belt support roller positioned on an opposing side of the belt from the first sensor, wherein the belt support roller is displaced from the pressing element and is configured to support a portion of the belt that is sensed by the first sensor.
9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the first sensor is configured in one of brightfield illumination configuration and a darkfield illumination configuration.
10. The system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the system includes a second sensor having a second output indicating a location of the intermediate build surfaces; and
the controller is configured to detect overlay errors, and adjust the one or more gantry mechanisms to reduce overlay errors using the second output.
11. The system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the overlay errors include a first-axis overlay error in a process direction of the moveable build platform, and a second-axis overlay error in a second direction that is perpendicular to the process direction of the moveable build platform; and
the one or more gantry mechanisms comprise:
a first gantry mechanism configured to move the build platform in the process direction; and
a second gantry mechanism configured to move the build platform in the second direction.
12. The system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the system includes a second electrophotographic (EP) engine configured to develop layers of a second electrically charged powder material on the transfer medium; and
the controller is configured to reduce one or more registration errors between the first and second EP engines using the first output.