Apparatus and method for acoustic monitoring of steam quality and flow
An apparatus and method for noninvasively monitoring steam quality and flow and in pipes or conduits bearing flowing steam, are described. By measuring the acoustic vibrations generated in steam-carrying conduits by the flowing steam either by direct contact with the pipe or remotely thereto, converting the measured acoustic vibrations into a frequency spectrum characteristic of the natural resonance vibrations of the pipe, and monitoring the amplitude and/or the frequency of one or more chosen resonance frequencies, changes in the steam quality in the pipe are determined. The steam flow rate and the steam quality are inversely related, and changes in the steam flow rate are calculated from changes in the steam quality once suitable calibration curves are obtained.
1. A method for monitoring steam quality at a chosen location in a pipe in which steam is flowing, comprising the steps of:
detecting sound generated in the pipe by the steam flowing through the pipe at the chosen location;
converting the detected sound into a frequency spectrum characteristic of the natural resonance vibrations of the pipe;
determining at least one acoustic frequency from the natural resonance vibration frequency spectrum of the pipe; and
monitoring the frequency of a peak at the at least one acoustic vibration frequency;
whereby changes in the steam quality are obtained from changes in the frequency of the peak at the at least one acoustic vibration frequency.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of calculating the change in steam flow rate from the change in steam quality.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step of detecting sound generated in the pipe is achieved using a microphone.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the microphone comprises a parabolic reflector.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the microphone is chosen from a pencil microphone, a directional microphone and a phased-array microphone.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step of detecting sound generated in the pipe is achieved using a piezoelectric transducer in acoustic contact with the pipe.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the piezoelectric transducer is chosen from lithium niobate, lead zirconate-lead titanate and bismuth titanate crystals.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step of detecting sound generated in the pipe is achieved using a piezoelectric transducer in acoustic contact with a buffer rod in acoustic contact with the pipe.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the piezoelectric transducer is chosen from lithium niobate, lead zirconate-lead titanate, and bismuth titanate crystals.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of generating a fast Fourier transform of the detected sound generated in the pipe.
11. An apparatus for monitoring steam quality at a chosen location in a pipe in which steam is flowing, comprising:
a piezoelectric transducer for detecting sound generated in the pipe by the steam flowing through the pipe at the chosen location;
a signal processor configured for receiving the detected sound from said piezoelectric transducer, converting the detected sound into a frequency spectrum characteristic of the natural resonance vibrations of the pipe and determining at least one acoustic frequency from the natural resonance vibration frequency spectrum of the pipe; and
a microprocessor for monitoring the frequency of a peak at the at least one acoustic vibration frequency from said signal processor;
whereby changes in the steam quality are obtained from changes in the frequency of the peak at the at least one acoustic vibration frequency.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein said piezoelectric transducer is chosen from lithium niobate, lead zirconate-lead titanate and bismuth titanate crystals.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising a buffer rod in acoustic contact with said pipe.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein said signal processor comprises a digital signal processor from which a fast Fourier transform of the detected sound is generated.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein said digital signal processor comprises a spectrum analyzer.
16. An apparatus for monitoring steam quality at a chosen location in a pipe in which steam is flowing, comprising:
a detector spaced-apart from said pipe for detecting sound generated in the pipe by the steam flowing through the pipe at the chosen location;
a signal processor configured for receiving the detected sound from said detector, converting the detected sound into a frequency spectrum characteristic of the natural resonance vibrations of the pipe and determining at least one acoustic frequency from the natural resonance vibration frequency spectrum of the pipe; and
a microprocessor for monitoring the frequency of a peak at the at least one acoustic vibration frequency from said signal processor;
whereby changes in the steam quality are obtained from changes in the frequency of the peak at the at least one acoustic vibration frequency.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein said detector comprises a microphone.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein said microphone comprises a parabolic reflector.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein said microphone is chosen from a pencil microphone, a directional microphone and a phased-array microphone.
20. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein said signal processor comprises a digital signal processor from which a fast Fourier transform of the detected sound is generated.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein said digital signal processor comprises a spectrum analyzer.