Silver-bismuth non-contact metallization pastes for silicon solar cells
Metallization pastes for use with semiconductor devices are disclosed. The pastes contain silver particles, low-melting-point base-metal particles, organic vehicle, and optional crystallizing agents. Specific formulations have been developed that produce stratified metal films that contain less silver than conventional pastes and that have high peel strengths. Such pastes can be used to make high contact resistance metallization layers on silicon.
1. A metallization paste comprising:
a plurality of silver particles;
a plurality of low-melting-point, base-metal particles;
a plurality of aluminum-based particles;
wherein the silver particles, the low-melting-point base-metal particles, and the aluminum-based particles, are mixed together in an organic vehicle; and
wherein the metallization paste contains a low temperature base-metal fraction greater than 20%; and
wherein the metallization paste has a viscosity between 10,000 and 200,000 cP at 25° C. and at a sheer rate of 4 sec −1 .
2. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste has a solids loading between 30 wt % and 70 wt %.
3. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises between 10 wt % and 45 wt % silver particles.
4. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises between 5 wt % and 35 wt % low-melting-point, base-metal particles.
5. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises between 0.5 wt % and 3 wt % aluminum-based particles.
6. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the silver particles are spherically shaped nanoparticles with a D50 between 10 nm and 1 μm.
7. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the silver particles are spherically shaped micron-sized particles with a D50 between 1 μm and 10 μm.
8. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the low-melting-point, base-metal particles are made of a material selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), tellurium (Te), antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), or alloys, composites, or other combinations thereof.
9. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the low-melting-point, base-metal particles comprise bismuth.
10. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the low-melting-point, base-metal particles have a spherical shape with a D50 between 50 nm and 5 μm.
11. The metallization paste of claim 10 , wherein the low-melting-point, base-metal particles comprise bismuth cores wherein each bismuth core is coated by a silver shell and the silver shell is less than 200 nm thick.
12. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum-based particles have a spherical shape with a D50 between 50 nm and 15 μm.
13. The metallization paste of claim 1 further comprising a crystallizing agent mixed together with the silver particles, the low-melting-point base-metal particles, and the aluminum-based particles in the organic vehicle.
14. The metallization paste of claim 13 , wherein the crystallizing agent comprise less than 1 wt % of the metallization paste.
15. The metallization paste of claim 13 , wherein the crystallizing agent comprises a material selected from the group consisting of tellurium, silicon, boron, zinc, and oxides and alloys thereof.