Sterilization method and apparatus
Disclosed is a method of sterilizing an article by sequentially exposing the article under vacuum first to a gaseous conditioning agent for forming radicals and then to a sterilant. The preferred conditioning agent is hydrogen peroxide and the preferred sterilant is ozone. The chamber is initially evacuated to a first vacuum pressure and then sealed for the remainder of the sterilization process and during all sterilant injection cycles, without removal of any component of the sterilization atmosphere, which means without any measures to reduce the water vapor content. Keeping the chamber sealed and maintaining the conditioning agent and the radicals generated thereby in the chamber for the sterilization with sterilant results in a synergistic increase in the sterilization efficiency and allows for the use of much lower sterilant amounts and sterilization cycle times than would be expected from using the conditioning agent and the sterilant in combination.
1. A method for sterilizing an article in a sealable sterilization chamber, the method comprising the steps of
a. placing the article into the sterilization chamber,
b. sealing the sterilization chamber,
c. applying to the sterilization chamber a vacuum of a first pressure and maintaining the sterilization chamber at a first temperature, the first pressure being sufficient to evaporate an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide to form water vapor and hydrogen peroxide vapor at the first temperature,
d. injecting into the sealed sterilization chamber at the first temperature a gaseous conditioning agent for forming free radicals, the conditioning agent being hydrogen peroxide, acidic water, carbonated water, peracetic acid, acetic acid, alcohol, ethanol or methanol,
e. maintaining the sterilization chamber sealed and at the first temperature for a first exposure period,
f. injecting into the sealed sterilization chamber, after the first exposure period, a sterilant gas for creating or regenerating the free radicals in the sterilization chamber,
g. continuing to maintain the sterilization chamber sealed for a second exposure period,
h. evacuating the sterilization chamber at the end of the second exposure period for removing all residual sterilant gas from the sterilization chamber,
i. returning the sterilization chamber to atmospheric pressure, and
j. removing the sterilized article from the sterilization chamber.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conditioning agent decomposes into free radicals during the first exposure period.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the sterilant gas is ozone, nitrogen oxide or chlorine dioxide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conditioning agent is hydrogen peroxide and the sterilant gas is ozone.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein after step c) and before step d) all removal of any component of the sterilization atmosphere is interrupted until an end of the second exposure period.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conditioning agent is hydrogen peroxide and the sterilant gas is nitrogen oxide.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conditioning agent is hydrogen peroxide and the step d) includes injecting repeated pulses of hydrogen peroxide solution of a first concentration at a pulse volume of less than 75 μL for evaporating the hydrogen peroxide solution and generating a layer of micro-condensation on the article which layer has a second hydrogen peroxide concentration higher than the first concentration.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the pulse volume is less than 35 μL.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pulse volume is about 20 μL.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein steps c) to h) are repeated at least once.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the solution is a 50% hydrogen peroxide solution.
12. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first pressure is 1 Torr (1.33 mbar).
13. The method of claim 4 , wherein the injecting in step d) is stopped when a second pressure of 17-54 Torr is reached, for generating a layer of micro-condensation on the article which layer has a second hydrogen peroxide concentration higher than the first concentration.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the second pressure is 20 Torr.
15. The method of claim 4 , wherein an amount of ozone in the range of 1-10 mg per liter of sterilization atmosphere is injected in the injecting step f).
16. A method for sterilizing an article in a sealable sterilization chamber, comprising the steps of
a. placing the article into the sterilization chamber,
b. sealing the sterilization chamber,
c. applying to the sterilization chamber a vacuum of a first pressure,
d. injecting into the sealed sterilization chamber a hydrogen peroxide solution having a first concentration as conditioning agent for forming free radicals, the hydrogen peroxide being injected in vapor form and in repeated pulses at a pulse volume of less than 75 μL for generating a layer of micro-condensation on the article which layer has a second hydrogen peroxide concentration higher than the first concentration;
e. maintaining the sterilization chamber sealed for a first exposure period,
f. injecting into the sealed sterilization chamber, after the first exposure period, a sterilant gas for creating or regenerating the free radicals in the sealed sterilization chamber,
g. continuing to maintain the sterilization chamber sealed for a second exposure period,
h. evacuating the sterilization chamber at the end of the second exposure period without creating or regenerating any free radicals in the sterilization chamber, for removing all residual sterilant gas from the sterilization chamber,
i. returning the sterilization chamber to atmospheric pressure, and
j. removing the sterilized article from the sterilization chamber.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the sterilant gas is ozone, nitrogen oxide or chlorine dioxide.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the sterilant gas is ozone.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the sterilant gas is nitrogen oxide.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the pulse volume is less than 35 μL.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the pulse volume is about 20 μL.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the hydrogen peroxide solution is a 50% solution.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first pressure is 1 Torr (1.33 mbar).
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the injecting of the gaseous conditioning agent is stopped when a second pressure of 17-54 Torr is reached.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the second pressure is 20 Torr.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein an amount of ozone in the range of 1-10 mg per liter of sterilization atmosphere is injected in the injecting step.