Nano-level evaluation of kerogen-rich reservoir rock
Examples of nano-level evaluation of kerogen-rich reservoir rock are described. A micro-scale beam is formed from kerogen-rich reservoir rock. The beam has reservoir rock and kerogen, which has polymeric properties. A maximum dimension of the micro-scale beam is at most 1000 micrometers. A mechanical experiment that includes a tension test or a compression test is performed on the micro-scale beam. The mechanical experiment is imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A material parameter of the kerogen in the micro-scale beam is determined based on results of the mechanical experiment and images obtained responsive to the imaging. The material parameter includes a behavior of the kerogen in response to the mechanical experiment. The behavior of the kerogen can be used to determine, among other things, the energy required to break kerogen in a kerogen-rich shale to improve hydraulic fracturing efficiency.
1. A method comprising:
forming a micro-scale beam from kerogen-rich reservoir rock, the micro-scale beam comprising reservoir rock and kerogen having polymeric properties, wherein a maximum dimension of the micro-scale beam is at most 1000 micrometer (μm);
performing a mechanical experiment on the micro-scale beam, wherein the mechanical experiment comprises a tension test or a compression test;
imaging the mechanical experiment using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM);
determining a material parameter of the kerogen in the micro-scale beam based on results of the mechanical experiment and images obtained responsive to the imaging;
before forming the micro-scale beam, treating the kerogen-rich reservoir rock with a fluid configured to break down kerogen in the reservoir rock; and
determining an effect of the fluid on the kerogen in the reservoir rock based on the material parameter of the kerogen in the micro-scale beam.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical experiment is the tension test, and wherein the material parameter of the kerogen in the micro-scale beam comprises a tensile strength of the micro-scale beam.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tension test is a cantilever test, wherein performing the cantilever test comprises applying a force of the order of micro-Newtons on a free-end of the micro-scale beam, wherein determining the material parameter comprises measuring a bending of the cantilever responsive to force.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising applying the force at a rate of displacement of substantially between 1 nm/s to 100 nm/s.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the rate of displacement is substantially between 5 nm/s to 20 nm/s.
6. The method of claim 3 , further comprising applying the load until the micro-scale beam fails.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical experiment is the compression test, and wherein the material parameter comprises a compressive strength of the micro-scale beam.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein performing the compression test comprises loading the micro-scale beam under a compressive load of the order of micro-Newstons at a specified displacement and rate until failure of the micro-scale beam.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the mechanical experiment comprises collecting micro-scale beam loads, micro-scale beam displacement data and time data as the mechanical experiment is being performed.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro-scale beam is formed using a focused ion beam.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro-scale beam is a pillar.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the pillar has a substantially square or circular cross-section.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein imaging the mechanical experiment using the SEM comprises capturing a plurality of SEM images of the micro-scale beam at different time instances during the mechanical experiment.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein imaging the mechanical experiment using the SEM comprises positioning the micro-scale beam inside the SEM.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising performing energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) on the micro-scale beam while the micro-scale beam is inside the SEM.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining, based on results of the EDS, a chemical composition of the micro-scale beam.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the EDS is performed on the micro-scale beam before the mechanical experiment, during the mechanical experiment or after the mechanical experiment.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the EDS is performed after the micro-scale beam has failed in response to the mechanical experiment.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro-scale beam comprises a plurality of stacked shale bedding planes, wherein the mechanical experiment on the micro-scale beam is performed either parallel to or perpendicular to the plurality of stacked shale bedding planes.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein performing the mechanical experiment parallel to the plurality of stacked shale bedding planes comprises applying a tension or a compression in a direction that is perpendicular to a direction in which the plurality of stacked shale bedding planes are stacked.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein performing the mechanical experiment perpendicular to the plurality of stacked shale bedding planes comprises applying a tension or a compression in a direction that is parallel to a direction in which the plurality of stacked shale bedding planes are stacked.