Pulsed laser and bioanalytic system
Apparatus and methods for producing ultrashort optical pulses are described. A high-power, solid-state, passively mode-locked laser can be manufactured in a compact module that can be incorporated into a portable instrument for biological or chemical analyses. The pulsed laser may produce sub-100-ps optical pulses at a repetition rate commensurate with electronic data-acquisition rates. The optical pulses may excite samples in reaction chambers of the instrument, and be used to generate a reference clock for operating signal-acquisition and signal-processing electronics of the instrument.
1. A system for identifying different nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs, the system comprising:
an optical source configured to produce optical excitation pulses having a single characteristic wavelength;
a bio-optoelectronic chip comprising a plurality of reaction chambers each with a time-binning photodetector at each reaction chamber;
a receptacle configured to receive the bio-optoelectronic chip; and
optical components arranged to couple the optical excitation pulses to the bio-optoelectronic chip, wherein the bio-optoelectronic chip is configured to generate electronic signals comprising three different electronic signals from each time-binning photodetector that distinguish three different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein the fluorophores are linked to the three different species.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electronic signals comprise four different electronic signals from each time-binning photodetector that distinguish four different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein the fluorophores are linked to the four different species.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the three different electronic signals are generated after the radiation from the excitation pulses has essentially turned off at the reaction chambers.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein a bandwidth of the optical excitation pulses is no greater than 20 nm.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the optical source comprises:
a mode-locked laser assembled on a base plate having a maximum edge length of not more than 350 mm;
a saturable-absorber mirror mounted on the base plate for producing optical pulses in a laser cavity of the mode-locked laser, wherein the mode-locked laser is configured to produce the optical pulses by passive mode locking at a repetition rate between 50 MHz and 200 MHz; and
intracavity optical reflectors that increase the cavity length with at least five reflections.
6. A system for identifying different nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs, the system comprising:
an optical source configured to produce optical excitation pulses having a single characteristic wavelength;
a receptacle for coupling a bio-optoelectronic chip comprising a plurality of reaction chambers each with a time-binning photodetector at each reaction chamber to the system; and
optical components arranged to provide the optical excitation pulses to the bio-optoelectronic chip, wherein the system is configured to receive, from the bio-optoelectronic chip, electronic signals comprising three different electronic signals from each time-binning photodetector that distinguish three different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein the fluorophores are linked to the three different species.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the electronic signals comprise four different electronic signals from each time-binning photodetector that distinguish four different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein the fluorophores are linked to the four different species.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the three different electronic signals are generated after the radiation has essentially turned off at the reaction chambers.
9. The system of claim 6 , wherein a bandwidth of the optical excitation pulses is no greater than 20 nm.
10. The system of claim 6 , wherein fluorescent emission from the fluorophores is in a range of wavelengths between 560 nm and 660 nm.
11. The system of claim 6 , wherein the single characteristic wavelength is approximately 532 nm.
12. The system of claim 6 , wherein the optical source comprises a mode-locked laser and a frequency-doubling component.
13. The system of claim 12 , further comprising:
a base plate having a maximum edge length of not more than 350 mm on which the mode-locked laser is formed;
a gain medium of the mode-locked laser mounted on the base plate;
a first end mirror of the mode-locked laser mounted on the base plate located at a first end of a laser cavity; and
a saturable-absorber mirror mounted on the base plate for producing optical pulses in the laser cavity, wherein the mode-locked laser is configured to produce the optical pulses by passive mode locking at a repetition rate between 50 MHz and 200 MHz.
14. The system of claim 13 , further comprising optical reflectors that extend a length of the laser cavity with at least five intracavity reflections.
15. The system of claim 14 , further comprising a mounting feature formed in the base plate and located between the gain medium and the optical reflectors, wherein the mounting feature is configured to receive an end mirror or fixture to hold an end mirror that shortens the laser cavity.
16. The system of claim 13 , further comprising:
a photodetector arranged to detect optical pulses from the mode-locked laser; and
a clock-generation circuit configured to synchronize an electronic clock signal from a stable oscillator to optical pulses produced by the mode-locked laser.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the clock-generation circuit is configured to provide a timing signal to the bio-optoelectronic chip that times signal acquisition of emissions from the fluorophores.
18. The system of claim 16 , wherein the clock-generation circuit includes automatic gain control amplification or saturated amplification to level amplitudes of electronic pulses generated from the optical pulses.
19. The system of claim 6 , further comprising synchronization circuitry that detects timing of optical pulses produced by the optical source and times signal acquisition for the three different electronic signals to occur at a time when the optical excitation pulses are in an essentially off state at the bio-optoelectronic chip.
20. The system of claim 13 , wherein a full-width half-maximum duration of the optical excitation pulses is between about 5 ps and about 30 ps.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein a tail intensity of the optical excitation pulses remains 20 dB below a peak intensity of the optical excitation pulses after 250 ps from the peak intensity of the excitation pulses.
22. The system of claim 13 , further comprising an adjustable mirror mount in the laser cavity that is arranged to provide only two degrees of freedom in adjustment of a laser beam within the laser cavity while the mode-locked laser is operating, which is the only two degrees of freedom provided by an optical mount in the laser cavity for adjusting the laser beam while the mode-locked laser is operating.
23. The system of claim 13 , further comprising temperature-controlling elements coupled to at least two sides of the gain medium and configured to produce an asymmetric thermal gradient across the gain medium that steers an intracavity laser beam.
24. The system of claim 13 , further comprising a feedback circuit configured to receive a signal representative of an amount of power at a frequency-doubled wavelength delivered from the frequency-doubling component to the bio-optoelectronic chip and provide a signal to change the amount of power at the frequency-doubled wavelength based on a level of the received signal.
25. The system of claim 13 , further comprising a diode pump source module mounted to the base plate with thermally-insulating fasteners.
26. A method for identifying different nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs, the method comprising:
producing optical excitation pulses having a single characteristic wavelength;
providing the optical excitation pulses to illuminate a first reaction chamber having a time-binning photodetector; and
receiving electronic signals comprising three different electronic signals from the time-binning photodetector that distinguish three different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein the fluorophores are linked to the three different species.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the electronic signals comprise four different electronic signals from the time-binning photodetector that distinguish four different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein the fluorophores are linked to the four different species.
28. The method of claim 27 , further comprising:
conducting, in the first reaction chamber, a biochemical reaction comprising sequential incorporation of the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs into a growing strand that is complementary to a target nucleic acid;
during the biochemical reaction, receiving the electronic signals comprising the four different electronic signals from the time-binning photodetector, wherein the electronic signals are used to determine a sequence of the target nucleic acid.
29. The method of claim 26 , further comprising:
providing the optical excitation pulses to illuminate a plurality of additional reaction chambers integrated on a same substrate as the first reaction chamber and having additional time-binning photodetectors; and
receiving electronic signals comprising three different electronic signals from the additional time-binning photodetectors that distinguish the three different species from among the nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs in response to excitation of the fluorophores with radiation from the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength.
30. The method of claim 26 , wherein producing the optical excitation pulses comprises mode locking a laser and frequency-doubling output pulses from the laser to produce the optical excitation pulses having the single characteristic wavelength, wherein a bandwidth of the optical excitation pulses is no greater than 20 nm.