Methods for immortalization of epithelial cells
Methods for inducing non-clonal immortalization of normal epithelial cells by directly targeting the two main senescence barriers encountered by cultured epithelial cells. In finite lifespan pre-stasis human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), the stress-associated stasis barrier was bypassed, and in post-stasis HMEC, the replicative senescence barrier, a consequence of critically shortened telomeres, was bypassed. Early passage non-clonal immortalized lines exhibited normal karyotypes. Methods of efficient HMEC immortalization, in the absence of “passenger” genomic errors, should facilitate examination of telomerase regulation and immortalization during human carcinoma progression, methods for screening for toxic and environmental effect on progression, and the development of therapeutics targeting the process of immortalization.
1. A method of identifying an agent that prevents cell immortalization, comprising:
culturing pre-stasis epithelial cells in a low stress-inducing medium;
measuring the level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) in the pre-stasis epithelial cells to determine status of induction of p16 in the pre-stasis epithelial cells;
prior to induction of p16 in the pre-stasis epithelial cells, introducing into the pre-stasis epithelial cells a polynucleotide that prevents the retinoblastoma protein (RB) from staying in an active form, to produce post-stasis epithelial cells, wherein the polynucleotide that prevents RB from staying in an active form is a p16 shRNA;
prior to telomere dysfunction, introducing:
an agent; and
a polynucleotide that induces telomerase activity, wherein the polynucleotide that induces telomerase activity encodes c-MYC,
into the post-stasis epithelial cells; and
subsequent to introducing the agent and the polynucleotide that induces telomerase activity, culturing the epithelial cells to determine whether the cells are immortalized, wherein when the cells are not immortalized, the agent is identified as an agent that prevents cell immortalization, wherein the method does not introduce gross genomic errors into the epithelial cells.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the agent is a polynucleotide or a small molecule.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the low stress-inducing medium is M87A medium.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the pre-stasis epithelial cells are pre-stasis human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC).
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises introducing an additional polynucleotide into the pre-stasis epithelial cells that targets RB expression or inactivates p53.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the additional polynucleotide comprises an RB shRNA.
7. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the additional polynucleotide comprises a p53 shRNA or a p53 genetic suppressor element.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the pre-stasis epithelial cells are pre-stasis mammary epithelial cells.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the pre-stasis mammary epithelial cells are pre-stasis human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC).