Spacecraft systems and methods

1. A spacecraft airlock, comprising:

an end module comprising a passive common berthing mechanism positioned around an open end of the airlock for selectively engaging the airlock with a space station or with a transportation vehicle for transporting said airlock proximate to the space station;

a cylindrical sidewall adjoining said passive common berthing mechanism;

an endwall adjoining the cylindrical sidewall, opposite the passive common berthing mechanism of the open end of the airlock;

at least one attachment mechanism positioned on the cylindrical sidewall or the endwall, and configured for releasably attaching vacuum exposed payloads to an exterior surface of the airlock; and

at least one grappling fixture positioned on the cylindrical sidewall or the endwall, and configured for engaging a robotic grappling arm of the space station for robotic manipulation of the end module, wherein said at least one grappling fixture of the airlock is configured to engage with said robotic grappling arm for disengaging said end module from said transportation vehicle in preparation for controllably positioning said end module on said space station, wherein said passive common berthing mechanism of the end module engages said airlock with said space station at an active common berthing mechanism of the space station for receiving pressurized air from inside said space station.

2. The spacecraft airlock of claim 1 , wherein said at least one grappling fixture comprises a grappling fixture from the group consisting of a power/video grappling fixture, a flight releasable grappling fixture, and similarly functioning grappling fixtures capable of robotic control from a robotic control circuitry.

3. The spacecraft airlock of claim 1 , wherein said airlock forms a pressurized volume accessible by crew.

4. The spacecraft airlock of claim 1 , wherein said airlock forms a pressurized volume accessible by crew, said pressurized volume accessible through a single hatch.

5. The spacecraft airlock of claim 1 ,

wherein said airlock forms a pressurized volume accessible by crew without the use of a hatch to perform the airlock function.

6. The spacecraft airlock of claim 1 ,

wherein said robotic grappling arm operates responsive to direct control from an operator directing the engagement of said end module.

7. The spacecraft airlock of claim 1 ,

wherein said airlock permits operation of electrical, data, coolant, and other operational systems using a hatch.

8. A method for attaching a single hatch airlock to a spacecraft, comprising the steps of:

engaging an end module comprising a passive common berthing mechanism positioned around an open end of the airlock to a space station, said end module comprising a cylindrical sidewall adjoining said passive common berthing mechanism and an endwall adjoining the cylindrical sidewall, opposite the passive common berthing mechanism of the open end of the airlock;

attaching vacuum exposed payloads to an exterior surface of the airlock using at least one attachment mechanism, wherein the at least one attachment mechanism is positioned on the said cylindrical sidewall or said endwall;

engaging a robotic grappling arm to at least one grappling fixture positioned on the cylindrical sidewall or the endwall for robotic manipulation of said end module;

engaging said airlock with a transportation vehicle for transporting said airlock proximate to the space station; and

engaging said at least one grappling fixture of the airlock with said robotic grappling arm of the space station for disengaging said end module from said transportation vehicle in preparation for controllably positioning said end module on said space station, wherein said passive common berthing mechanism of the end module engages said airlock with said space station at an active common berthing mechanism of the space station for receiving pressurized air from inside said space station.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising the step of robotically controlling said at least one grappling fixture as a grappling fixture from the group consisting of a power/video grappling fixture, a flight releasable grappling fixture, and similarly functioning grappling fixtures.

10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising the step of forming a pressurized volume accessible by crew using said end module.

11. The method of claim 8 , further comprising the step of accessing a pressurized volume formed by the airlock through a single hatch.

12. The method of claim 8 , further comprising the step of accessing a pressurized volume formed by the airlock through a single hatch without the use of a hatch to perform the airlock function.

13. The method of claim 8 , further comprising the step of operating said robotic grappling arm responsive to direct control from an operator directing the engagement of said end module.

14. The method of claim 8 , operating electrical, data, coolant, and other operational systems associated with said airlock using a hatch.