Systems and methods for measuring isolation resistance

1. An energy storage system configured to output at least two voltage waveforms, comprising:

a semiconductor relay switch;

one or more battery packs, wherein one terminal of the one or more battery packs of the energy storage system is electrically coupled to a resistor of a plurality of resistors, wherein the plurality of resistors is configured to electrically couple to the one or more battery packs via the semiconductor relay switch;

a gain field-effect transistor (FET) configured to electrically short at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors, wherein the at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors is directly coupled to a voltage output terminal configured to output the at least two voltage waveforms for determining an isolation resistance of the energy storage system; and

a control system configured to:

send a first command to the semiconductor switch to close;

acquire a first voltage waveform corresponding to a first voltage measurement over a first period of time at the voltage output terminal after the first command has been sent;

send a second command to the semiconductor switch to open;

send a third command to the gain FET to close after the second command has been sent, wherein the at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors is electrically shorted when the gain FET is closed;

send a fourth command to the semiconductor switch to close after the third command has been sent;

acquire a second voltage waveform corresponding to a second voltage measurement over a second period of time at the voltage output terminal after the fourth command has been sent; and

determine the isolation resistance based at least in part on a Thevenin equivalent resistance calculated from the first voltage waveform and the second voltage waveform.

2. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more battery packs comprise one or more lead acid battery packs or one or more lithium ion battery packs.

3. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor relay switch comprises a light-emitting diode as an input and a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as an output.

4. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor relay switch comprises a PhotoMOS switch.

5. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the gain FET is configured to electrically couple to a system ground.

6. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the gain FET comprises a 200 volt rating.

7. The energy storage system of claim 1 , comprising a first switch configured to electrically couple a first resistor to the one or more battery packs and a second switch configured to electrically couple a second resistor to the one or more battery packs.

8. The energy storage system of claim 1 , comprising one or more capacitors electrically coupled to a system ground of a vehicle and the one or more battery packs.

9. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions configured to cause a processor to:

acquire a first voltage waveform corresponding to a first voltage measurement over a first period of time at a voltage output terminal configured to output at least two voltage waveforms when a plurality of resistors of a battery system is electrically coupled to one or more battery packs via a semiconductor relay switch;

acquire a second voltage waveform corresponding to a second voltage measurement over a second period of time at the voltage output terminal in response to at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors directly coupled to the voltage output terminal being electrically shorted via a gain field-effect transistor (FET);

determine an isolation resistance between a battery system and a chassis based at least in part on a Thevenin equivalent resistance calculated from the first voltage waveform and the second voltage waveform; and

disconnect the one or more battery packs from the battery system in response to the isolation resistance being below a threshold resistance value.

10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9 , wherein the processor is configured to acquire the first voltage waveform when the gain FET is open.

11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9 , wherein the processor is configured to acquire the second voltage waveform when the gain FET is closed.

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9 , wherein the first voltage waveform corresponds a resistor-capacitance (RC) decay waveform.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9 , wherein the first voltage measurements and the second voltage measurements each comprise at least four measurements.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9 , wherein each pair of adjacent voltage measurements of the first voltage measurements and the second voltage measurements comprise an equal amount of time between each other.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9 , wherein the Thevenin equivalent resistance is an equivalent resistance between the battery system and the chassis.

16. An isolation measurement circuit for measuring isolation resistance, comprising:

a semiconductor relay switch;

a plurality of resistors configured to electrically couple to one or more battery packs via the semiconductor relay switch, wherein one terminal of the one or more battery packs is electrically coupled to a resistor of the plurality of resistors of a battery system;

a gain field-effect transistor (FET) configured to electrically short at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors, wherein the at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors is directly coupled to a voltage output terminal configured to output a voltage waveform for determining an isolation resistance between the battery system and a chassis;

one or more capacitors electrically coupled to a system ground of a vehicle and the one or more battery packs; and

a control system configured to:

acquire a first voltage waveform corresponding to a first voltage measurement over a first period of time at the voltage output terminal when the plurality of resistors is electrically coupled to the one or more battery packs via the semiconductor relay switch;

acquire a second voltage waveform corresponding to a second voltage measurement over a second period of time at the voltage output terminal in response to the at least one resistor of the plurality of resistors directly coupled to the voltage output terminal being electrically shorted via the gain field-effect transistor (FET); and

determine the isolation resistance between the battery system and the chassis based at least in part on a Thevenin equivalent resistance calculated from the first voltage waveform and the second voltage waveform.

17. The isolation measurement circuit of claim 16 , wherein the semiconductor relay switch comprises a light-emitting diode as an input and a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as an output.

18. The isolation measurement circuit of claim 16 , wherein the semiconductor relay switch comprises a PhotoMOS switch.

19. The isolation measurement circuit of claim 16 , wherein the gain FET comprises a 200 voltage amplifier device.

20. The isolation measurement circuit of claim 16 , wherein the first voltage waveform corresponds a resistor-capacitance (RC) decay waveform.