Energy-harvesting chromogenic devices

1. A device comprising:

a switchable perovskite material; and

an intercalating species, wherein:

when a first condition is met, the intercalating species is associated with the switchable perovskite material and the switchable perovskite material is substantially transparent and substantially colorless,

when a second condition is met, at least a portion of the intercalating species is transferred from the switchable perovskite material and the switchable perovskite material is substantially opaque and substantially colored,

the intercalating species comprises at least one of RNH 2 , RR′NH, ROH, CO, or CO 2 , and

R and R′ are organic functional groups.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the switchable perovskite material has a structure corresponding to at least one of ABX 3 , ABX 4 , or A 2 BX 6 where A comprises a first cation, B comprises a second cation, and X comprises an anion.

3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the first cation comprises at least one of a monovalent cation or a divalent cation.

4. The device of claim 2 , wherein the second cation comprises a metal that is in at least one of a 2+ oxidation state or a 4+ oxidation state.

5. The device of claim 2 , wherein the anion comprises at least one of a halide or an oxide/chalcogenide.

6. The device of claim 2 , wherein:

the switchable perovskite material comprises ABX 3 ,

A comprises CH 3 NH 3 + ,

B comprises at least one of lead or nickel, and

X comprises at least one of iodine or bromine.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the intercalating species comprises CH 3 NH 2 .

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first condition is achieved when the switchable perovskite material attains a first temperature below about 25° C.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the second condition is achieved when the switchable perovskite material attains a second temperature above about 25° C.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein when in the second condition, the switchable perovskite material is colored black, green, or red.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein when in the first condition, the switchable perovskite material is transparent to light having a wavelength substantially within the visible spectrum.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein when the second condition is met, the switchable perovskite material absorbs at least a portion of light in the visible spectrum.

13. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an intercalating species reservoir, wherein:

the switchable perovskite material is in the form of a perovskite layer,

the intercalating species reservoir is positioned adjacent to a first surface of the perovskite layer, and

at least a fraction of the portion of the intercalating species is reversibly stored in the intercalating species reservoir.

14. The device of claim 13 , wherein the intercalating species reservoir comprises at least one of an empty volume or an adsorbing material.

15. The device of claim 13 , further comprising:

a first transparent conducting oxide layer; and

a second transparent conducting oxide layer, wherein:

the perovskite layer is positioned between the first transparent conducting oxide layer and the second conducting oxide layer, and

the first transparent conducting layer is positioned between the intercalating species reservoir and the perovskite layer.

16. The device of claim 15 , wherein the first transparent conducting layer is configured to allow the reversible transfer of the intercalating species from the perovskite layer to the intercalating species reservoir, and from the intercalating species reservoir to the perovskite layer.

17. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:

a switching mechanism having a first position and a second position, wherein:

when in the first position, the first condition is met, and

when in the second position, the second condition is met.

18. A method comprising:

reversibly switching a perovskite material between a first state and a second state by applying a first condition to the perovskite material resulting in the first state characterized by the intercalating of a plurality of species into the perovskite material; and

applying a second condition to the perovskite material resulting in the second state characterized by the removing of at least a portion of the plurality of species from the perovskite material, wherein:

when in the first state, the perovskite material is substantially transparent to light in the visible spectrum,

when in the second state, the perovskite material is substantially opaque to light in the visible spectrum,

the plurality of species comprises at least one of RNH 2 , RR′NH, ROH, CO, or CO 2 , and

R and R′ are organic functional groups.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the second condition is achieved by applying radiant energy to the perovskite material.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein first condition comprises equilibrating the perovskite material to a first temperature between about 0° C. and about 25° C.

21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the second condition comprises equilibrating the perovskite material to a second temperature above about 35° C.

22. The method of claim 18 , further comprising, during the removing, transporting the portion to a species reservoir.

23. The device of claim 2 , wherein:

the switchable perovskite material comprises at least one of MAPbI 3 , MANiI 3 , HANiI 3 , or HANiBr 3 .

24. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to generate electricity when at least one of the first condition is met or the second condition is met.

25. The method of claim 18 , wherein the perovskite material comprises at least one of MAPbI 3 , MANiI 3 , HANiI 3 , or HANiBr 3 .

26. The method of claim 18 , further comprising, during at least one of the first state or the second state, generating electricity.