Cold spray chromium coating for nuclear fuel rods
A method is provided for coating the substrate of a component, such as a zirconium alloy cladding tube, for use in a water cooled nuclear reactor under normal operating conditions and under high temperature oxidation conditions. The method includes heating a pressurized carrier gas to a temperature between 200° C. and 1200° C., adding chromium or chromium-based alloy particles having an average diameter of 20 microns or less to the heated carrier gas, and spraying the carrier gas and particles onto the substrate at a velocity, preferably from 800 to 4000 ft./sec. (about 243.84 to 1219.20 meters/sec.), to form a chromium and/or chromium-based alloy coating on the substrate to a desired thickness.
1. A method of coating a substrate of a component for use in a water cooled nuclear reactor, the method comprising:
coating a substrate using a cold spray thermal deposition process comprising:
heating a pressurized carrier gas to a temperature greater than 400° C. to 1200° C.;
adding particles to the heated carrier gas, the particles being selected from the group consisting of pure chromium, chromium-based alloys, and combinations thereof, and having an average diameter of 20 microns or less; and
spraying the carrier gas and entrained particles onto a substrate at a velocity of 800 to 4000 ft./sec. (about 243.84 to 1219.20 meters/sec.) to form a coating on the substrate.
2. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the substrate is a zirconium alloy.
3. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, combinations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and combinations of nitrogen and helium.
4. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the particles are pure chromium particles.
5. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the carrier gas and entrained particles are sprayed continuously until the desired coating thickness is reached.
6. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the component is a nuclear fuel rod cladding tube.
7. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the substrate is cylindrical in shape.
8. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the substrate is flat.
9. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the coating thickness is between 5 and 100 microns.
10. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the rate of particles deposition is up to 1000 kg/hour.
11. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising, following formation of the coating, increasing the smoothness of the coating.
12. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the chromium-based alloy particles comprise 80 to 99 atom % of chromium.
13. The method recited in claim 12 wherein the Cr-based alloy further comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, yttrium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and transition metal elements, at a combined content of 0.1 to 20 atomic %.
14. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the carrier gas is heated at a pressure up to 5.0 MPa.
15. A method of coating a substrate of a component for use in a water cooled nuclear reactor, the method comprising:
heating a pressurized carrier gas to a temperature between 200° C. and 1200° C.;
adding particles to the heated carrier gas, the particles being selected from the group consisting of pure chromium, chromium-based alloys, and combinations thereof, and having an average diameter of 20 microns or less; and
spraying the carrier gas and entrained particles onto a substrate at a velocity of 800 to 4000 ft./sec. (about 243.84 to 1219.20 meters/sec.) to form a coating on the substrate; and, following formation of the coating, annealing the coating.
16. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the particles are pure chromium particles.
17. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the coating thickness is between 5 and 100 microns.
18. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the rate of particles deposition is up to 1000 kg/hour.
19. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the chromium-based alloy particles comprise 80 to 99 atom % of chromium.
20. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the Cr-based alloy further comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, yttrium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and transition metal elements, at a combined content of 0.1 to 20 atomic %.
21. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the carrier gas is heated at a pressure up to 5.0 MPa.
22. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and combinations thereof.
23. The method recited in claim 15 wherein the substrate is a zirconium alloy.