Positive electrode active material, positive electrode, battery, battery pack, electronic device, electric vehicle, power storage device, and power system
A positive electrode active material includes: a particle including a lithium composite oxide; a first layer that is provided on a surface of the particle and includes a lithium composite oxide; and a second layer that is provided on a surface of the first layer. The lithium composite oxide included in the particle and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer have the same composition or almost the same composition, the second layer includes an oxide or a fluoride, and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer has lower crystallinity than the lithium composite oxide included in the particle.
1. A positive electrode active material comprising:
a particle including a lithium composite oxide;
a first layer that is provided on a surface of the particle and includes a lithium composite oxide; and
a second layer that is provided on a surface of the first layer,
wherein the lithium composite oxide included in the particle and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer have the same constituent elements and the same atomic ratio or a difference between atomic ratios of the constituent elements of the core particles and the first covering layer is within 10 atom %,
the second layer includes an oxide or a fluoride, and
the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer has lower crystallinity than the lithium composite oxide included in the particle.
2. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1 ,
wherein, in Raman spectra, a peak intensity ratio E/A between an intensity A of a peak in a range of 550 cm −1 or more and 650 cm −1 or less and an intensity E of a peak in a range of 450 cm −1 or more and 500 cm −1 or less satisfies a relation represented by the following expression (1)
0.1<E/A<0.35 (1).
3. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1 ,
wherein the oxide and the fluoride included in the second layer include at least one of Li, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, W, Bi, P and B.
4. The positive electrode active material according to claim 3 ,
wherein the oxide included in the second layer is a lithium composite oxide.
5. The positive electrode active material according to claim 4 ,
wherein the lithium composite oxide included in the second layer has an average composition that is represented by the following expression (A)
Li w M x N y O 2-z X z (A)
(where w is 0.8<w<1.2, x+y is 0.9<x+y<1.1, y is 0≤y≤0.1, and z is 0≤z<0.05; M is at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn and Cu; N is at least one of Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, W and Bi; X is at least one of F, Cl and S).
6. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1 ,
wherein the second layer has an amount whose ratio is 0.1 mol % or more and 10 mol % or less with respect to a total amount of the particle, the first layer, and the second layer.
7. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1 ,
wherein the lithium composite oxide included in the particle has an average composition that is represented by the following expression (B)
Li w M x N y O 2-z X z (B)
(where w is 0.8<w<1.2, x+y is 0.9<x+y<1.1, y is 0≤y<0.1, and z is 0≤z<0.05; M is at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn and Cu; N is at least one of Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, W and Bi; X is at least one of F, Cl and S).
8. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1 ,
wherein the lithium composite oxide included in the particle has an average composition that is represented by the following expression (C)
Li x Co 1-y M y O 2-z X z (C)
(where x is 0.8<x<1.2, y is 0≤y<0.15, and z is 0≤z<0.05; M is at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La and W; X is at least one of F, Cl and S).
9. A positive electrode comprising:
a positive electrode active material that includes
a particle including a lithium composite oxide,
a first layer that is provided on a surface of the particle and includes a lithium composite oxide, and
a second layer that is provided on a surface of the first layer,
wherein the lithium composite oxide included in the particle and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer have the same composition or a difference between atomic ratios of the constituent elements of the core particles and the first covering layer is within 10 atom %,
the second layer includes an oxide or a fluoride, and
the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer has lower crystallinity than the lithium composite oxide included in the particle.
10. A battery comprising:
a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode; and
an electrolyte,
wherein the positive electrode active material includes
a particle including a lithium composite oxide,
a first layer that is provided on a surface of the particle and includes a lithium composite oxide, and
a second layer that is provided on a surface of the first layer, and
wherein the lithium composite oxide included in the particle and the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer have the same composition or a difference between atomic ratios of the constituent elements of the core particles and the first covering layer is within 10 atom %,
the second layer includes an oxide or a fluoride, and
the lithium composite oxide included in the first layer has lower crystallinity than the lithium composite oxide included in the particle.
11. A battery pack comprising:
the battery according to claim 10 .
12. An electronic device comprising:
the battery according to claim 10 ,
wherein the electronic device receives power supply from the battery.
13. An electric vehicle comprising:
the battery according to claim 10 ;
a conversion device configured to perform conversion into driving power of the vehicle upon reception of power supply from the battery; and
a control device configured to perform information processing regarding vehicle control based on information regarding the battery.
14. A power storage device comprising:
the battery according to claim 10 ,
wherein the power storage device supplies power to an electronic device connected to the battery.
15. The power storage device according to claim 14 , comprising:
a power information control device configured to transmit and receive a signal to and from another device via a network,
wherein the power storage device performs charge/discharge control of the battery based on information received by the power information control device.
16. A power system comprising:
the battery according to claim 10 ,
wherein the power system receives power supply from the battery, or allows power to be supplied to the battery from a power generation apparatus or a power network.