Electrically conductive proppant
Electrically conductive sintered, substantially round and spherical particles and methods for producing such electrically conductive sintered, substantially round and spherical particles from an alumina-containing raw material. Methods for using such electrically conductive sintered, substantially round and spherical particles in hydraulic fracturing operations.
1. An electrically conductive proppant particle, comprising:
a sintered, substantially round and spherical particle having less than about 30% crush at 4,000 psi and a specific gravity of about 3.8 g/cm 3 or less; and
a plurality of conductive particles,
wherein the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle has one or more pores and at least one of the plurality of conductive particles is disposed within at least one of the one or more pores,
wherein the at least one of the plurality of conductive particles is mixed with an activator to provide an activator mixture that is infused into the one or more pores, and
wherein the activator mixture elutes from the one or more pores so that the at least one conductive particle is located at a surface of the electrically conductive proppant particle after the electrically conductive proppant particle has been introduced to a subterranean fracture.
2. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle is selected from the group consisting of ceramic proppant, sand, plastic beads and glass beads.
3. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the conductive particles comprise iron, silver, gold, copper, aluminum, calcium, tungsten, zinc, nickel, lithium, platinum, tin, or carbon steel, or any combination or oxide thereof.
4. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the conductive particles comprise graphite, graphene, single-walled carbon nanotubes or double-walled carbon nanotubes.
5. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the conductive particles further comprise an outer coating comprising one or more chemicals or ligands that impart surface functionality to the conductive particles so that the conductive particles have an affinity for an outer surface of the electrically conductive proppant.
6. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of the conductive particles is mixed with a resin coating encapsulating the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle.
7. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive proppant particle has a conductive particle content of from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.
8. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of conductive particles elutes from the at least one of the one or more pores after the electrically conductive proppant particle has been introduced to a subterranean fracture.
9. A proppant pack, comprising:
a first proppant component comprising a first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles and a plurality of conductive nanoparticles, wherein the first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles have an apparent specific gravity of about 3.8 g/cm 3 or less; and
a second proppant component comprising a second plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles, the second proppant component having a resistivity of at least about 1×10 5 Ohm-cm,
wherein the conductive nanoparticles further comprise an outer coating comprising one or more chemicals or ligands that impart surface functionality to the conductive nanoparticles so that the conductive nanoparticles have an affinity for outer surfaces of the first proppant component and the second proppant component,
wherein the at least one of the plurality of conductive nanoparticles elutes from the first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles and contacts an outer surface of the second proppant component forming an electrically conductive shell on the outer surface of the second proppant component.
10. The proppant pack of claim 9 , wherein the conductive nanoparticles comprise iron, silver, gold, copper, aluminum, calcium, tungsten, zinc, nickel, lithium, platinum, tin, or carbon steel, or any combination or oxide thereof.
11. A proppant pack, comprising:
a first proppant component comprising a first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles and a plurality of conductive nanoparticles, wherein the first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles have an apparent specific gravity of about 3.8 g/cm 3 or less; and
a second proppant component comprising a second plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles, the second proppant component having a resistivity of at least about 1×10 5 Ohm-cm,
wherein the first plurality of sintered, substantially round and spherical particles comprises one or more pores and at least one of the plurality of conductive nanoparticles is disposed within at least one of the one or more pores,
wherein the at least one of the plurality of conductive nanoparticles is mixed with an activator to provide an activator mixture that is infused into the one or more pores, and
wherein the activator mixture elutes from the one or more pores so that the at least one conductive nanoparticle is located at a surface of the first proppant component.
12. The proppant pack of claim 11 , wherein the conductive nanoparticles comprise iron, silver, gold, copper, aluminum, calcium, tungsten, zinc, nickel, lithium, platinum, tin, or carbon steel, or any combination or oxide thereof.