Solid state joining using additive friction stir processing
Additive friction stir methods for joining materials are provided. The methods comprise providing first and second substrates to be joined; providing a forming plate comprising one or more forming cavities; placing the first and second substrates in communication with the forming plate; placing the first and second substrates in communication with each other; rotating and translating an additive friction-stir tool relative to the substrates; feeding a filler material through the additive friction-stir tool; deforming the filler material and the first and second substrates; and extruding one or more of the filler material and the first and second substrates into one or more of the forming cavities of the forming plate. Interaction of the additive friction-stir tool with the substrates generates heat and plastic deformation at the joint to weld the substrates at the joint. The methods include introduction of reinforcing material at the joint through addition of the filler material.
1. An additive friction stir method for joining substrates, the method comprising:
providing first and second substrates to be joined;
providing a forming plate comprising one or more forming cavities;
placing the first and second substrates in communication with the forming plate;
placing the first and second substrates in communication with each other to provide for a corner joint between the first and second substrates;
rotating and translating an additive friction-stir tool relative to the substrates;
feeding a filler material through the additive friction-stir tool; and
deforming the filler material and the first and second substrates to create the corner joint;
wherein the filler material and/or a portion of the first and/or second substrates are extruded into the one or more forming cavities to reinforce the corner joint.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and second substrates each comprise a first face with a slanted surface;
the first face of the first substrate is in communication with the first face of the second substrate to provide for a corner joint between the first and second substrates;
the first and second substrates each comprise a second face in communication with the forming plate;
the filler material is deposited on a third face of each of the first and second substrates, which third face is disposed in a direction opposite the second face; and
the filler material reinforces the corner joint at a concave portion of the corner joint along the third face of the first and second substrates.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein interaction of the filler material with the first and/or second substrates generates heat and creates plastic deformation of and causes welding of the first and second substrates along the corner joint.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the filler material is included in the corner joint.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the additive friction-stir tool is rotated and translated relative to the third face or each or the first and second substrates along the corner joint.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the additive friction-stir tool comprises a throat with an opening for dispensing filler material.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein during the rotating and translating the opening of the throat of the additive friction-stir tool does not penetrate third face of the first and second substrates.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second substrates and/or the filler material are each independently chosen from metals, metallic materials, metal matrix composites (MMCs), polymers, polymeric materials comprising polyolefins, polyesters, nylons, vinyls, polyvinyls, acrylics, polyacrylics, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, and/or polyurethanes, ceramics, ceramic materials comprising SiC, TiB 2 and/or Al 2 O 3 , steel, Al, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Au, Ag, Mg, Cd, Pb, Pt, Ti, Zn, Fe, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, or an alloy comprising one or more of these metals, as well as combinations of any of these materials.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the filler material is provided as a powder, pellet, rod, or powdered-filled hollow structure.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein during rotating and translating the additive friction-stir tool does not penetrate the first and second substrates.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the additive friction-stir tool has no pin centrally disposed on a surface of the additive friction-stir tool.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a shielding gas.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the corner joint is created by frictional heating and compressive loading of the filler material against one or both of the first and second substrates.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the filler material and/or a portion of the first and/or second substrates are extruded to form a rib at the corner joint.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second substrates are a sheet of metal or a metal plate.
16. An additive friction-stir method for joining substrates, the method comprising:
providing first and second substrates to be joined;
providing a forming plate comprising one or more forming cavities;
placing the first and second substrates in communication with the forming plate;
placing the first and second substrates in communication with each other to provide for a corner joint between the first and second substrates;
rotating and translating an additive friction-stir tool relative to a first face of one or both of the first and second substrates, which additive friction-stir tool comprises a throat with an opening for dispensing filler material;
feeding a filler material through the throat of the additive friction-stir tool and dispensing the filler material through the throat opening; and
deforming the filler material and the first and second substrates to create the corner joint;
wherein the filler material and/or a portion of the first and/or second substrates are extruded to form a rib at the corner joint.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first and second substrates are a sheet of metal or a metal plate.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first and/or second substrates and/or the filler material are each independently chosen from metals, metallic materials, metal matrix composites (MMCs), polymers, polymeric materials comprising polyolefins, polyesters, nylons, vinyls, polyvinyls, acrylics, polyacrylics, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, and/or polyurethanes, ceramics, ceramic materials comprising SiC, TiB 2 and/or Al 2 O 3 , steel, Al, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Au, Ag, Mg, Cd, Pb, Pt, Ti, Zn, Fe, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, or an alloy comprising one or more of these metals, as well as combinations of any of these materials.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the filler material is included in the corner joint.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the additive friction-stir tool has a shoulder with stirring geometry.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein during the rotating and translating, the opening of the throat of the additive friction-stir tool does not penetrate the first face of the first or second substrates.