BAW sensor with enhanced surface area active region
A bulk acoustic wave MEMS resonator device includes at least one functionalization (e.g., specific binding or non-specific binding) material arranged over a top side electrode, with at least one patterned enhanced surface area element arranged between a lower surface of the top side electrode and the functionalization material. The at least one patterned enhanced surface area element increases non-planarity of the at least one functionalization material, thereby providing a three-dimensional structure configured to increase sensor surface area and reduce analyte diffusion distance, and may also promote fluid mixing. Methods for biological and chemical sensing, and methods for forming MEMS resonator devices and fluidic devices are further disclosed.
1. A micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) resonator device comprising:
a substrate;
a bulk acoustic wave resonator structure arranged over at least a portion of the substrate, the bulk acoustic wave resonator structure including a piezoelectric material, a top side electrode arranged over a portion of the piezoelectric material, and a bottom side electrode arranged between the piezoelectric material and the substrate, wherein a portion of the piezoelectric material is arranged between the top side electrode and the bottom side electrode to form an active region;
at least one functionalization material arranged over at least a portion of the active region; and
at least one patterned enhanced surface area element defined within at least a portion of the thickness of the top side electrode and arranged between a lower surface of the top side electrode and the at least one functionalization material, wherein the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element is configured to increase non-planarity of the at least one functionalization material.
2. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element comprises at least one of (i) a plurality of upwardly protruding portions of the top side electrode or (ii) a plurality of recesses defined in the top side electrode.
3. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , wherein the top side electrode comprises a non-noble metal, and the MEMS resonator device further comprises a hermeticity layer arranged between the top side electrode and the at least one functionalization material.
4. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , further comprising an interface layer arranged between the top side electrode and the at least one functionalization material.
5. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element comprises an electrically conductive material.
6. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , further comprising a self-assembled monolayer arranged between the top side electrode and the at least one functionalization material.
7. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric material comprises a hexagonal crystal structure piezoelectric material comprising a c-axis having an orientation distribution that is predominantly non-parallel to normal of a face of the substrate.
8. The MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , wherein:
a peripheral boundary of the active region defines a two-dimensional area; and
the at least one functionalization material is arranged over the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element over a surface area that is at least 10% greater than the two-dimensional area.
9. A fluidic device comprising the MEMS resonator device of claim 1 , and a fluidic passage extending over the active region and arranged to conduct a flow of liquid to contact the at least one functionalization material.
10. A method of biological or chemical sensing, the method comprising:
supplying a fluid containing an analyte into a fluidic passage of a fluidic device, the fluidic device comprising:
a MEMS resonator device comprising:
a substrate;
a bulk acoustic wave resonator structure arranged over at least a portion of the substrate, the bulk acoustic wave resonator structure including a piezoelectric material, a top side electrode arranged over a portion of the piezoelectric material, and a bottom side electrode arranged between the piezoelectric material and the substrate, wherein a portion of the piezoelectric material is arranged between the top side electrode and the bottom side electrode to form an active region; and
at least one functionalization material arranged over at least a portion of the active region; and
at least one patterned enhanced surface area element defined within at least a portion of the thickness of the top side electrode and arranged between a lower surface of the top side electrode and the at least one functionalization material, the at least one patterned enhanced surface area configured to increase non-planarity of the at least one functionalization material; and
a fluidic passage extending over the active region and arranged to conduct a flow of liquid to contact the at least one functionalization material along the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element,
wherein said supplying the fluid includes supplying the fluid into the fluidic passage to cause at least some of the analyte to bind to the at least one functionalization material;
inducing a bulk acoustic wave in the active region; and
sensing a change in at least one of a frequency property, a phase property, or an amplitude magnitude property of the bulk acoustic wave resonator structure to indicate at least one of presence or quantity of analyte bound to the at least one functionalization material.
11. A method for fabricating a micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) resonator device comprising an active region and at least one functionalization material arranged over at least a portion of the active region, the method comprising:
forming a top side electrode over a portion of a piezoelectric material arranged over a substrate, with a bottom side electrode being arranged between the piezoelectric material and the substrate, wherein a portion of the piezoelectric material is arranged between the top side electrode and the bottom side electrode to form the active region;
defining at least one patterned enhanced surface area element defined within at least a portion of the thickness of the top side electrode and arranged between a lower surface of the top side electrode and the at least one functionalization material, wherein at least a portion of the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element is registered with the active region; and
depositing the at least one functionalization material over the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element, wherein at least a portion of the at least one functionalization material is registered with the active region, and wherein the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element is configured to increase non-planarity of the at least one functionalization material.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the defining of at least one patterned enhanced surface area element comprises removing material over or from the top side electrode via a subtractive material removal process.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the subtractive material removal process comprises etching.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the defining of at least one patterned enhanced surface area element comprises addition of material over or to the top side electrode via an additive manufacturing process.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein:
a peripheral boundary of the active region defines a two-dimensional area; and
the at least one functionalization material is arranged over the at least one patterned enhanced surface area element over a surface area that is at least 10% greater than the two-dimensional area.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising forming at least one wall over a portion of the MEMS resonator device and defining a fluidic passage containing the active region.