Methods of fabricating polycrystalline diamond, and cutting elements and earth-boring tools comprising polycrystalline diamond
Methods of fabricating polycrystalline diamond include subjecting a particle mixture to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular diamond-to-diamond bonds. Before being subjected to HPHT conditions, the particle mixture includes a plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles, diamond nanoparticles, and diamond grit. The non-diamond nanoparticles includes carbon-free cores and at least one functional group attached to the cores. Cutting elements for use in an earth-boring tool include a polycrystalline diamond material formed by such processes. Earth-boring tools include such cutting elements.
1. A method of fabricating polycrystalline diamond, comprising:
subjecting a particle mixture to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular diamond-to-diamond bonds, wherein the particle mixture comprises, before subjecting to the HPHT conditions:
a plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles, each comprising a carbon-free core and at least one functional group attached thereto;
diamond nanoparticles; and
diamond grit.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising functionalizing at least some of the plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles with functional groups formulated to form diamond.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising functionalizing at least some of the plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles with functional groups comprising carbon and hydrogen.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein subjecting a particle mixture to HPHT conditions comprises at least partially decomposing the at least one functional group.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least partially decomposing the at least one functional group comprises forming elemental carbon and elemental hydrogen.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exposing the carbon-free cores to a methane gas environment before subjecting the particle mixture to HPHT conditions.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein exposing the carbon-free cores to a methane gas environment comprises forming carbon-based functional groups on the carbon-free cores by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising encapsulating at least some of the carbon-free cores in a polymer before subjecting the particle mixture to HPHT conditions.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming the plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles to have a combination of at least two different functional groups.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one functional group comprises carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, and wherein a ratio of the carbon atoms to the hydrogen atoms is within a range from about 1:1 to about 1:3.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming agglomerates comprising the plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles and the diamond nanoparticles.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising mixing the agglomerates with the diamond grit.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising encapsulating the particle mixture and a hydrocarbon substance in a canister before subjecting the particle mixture to HPHT conditions.
14. A cutting element for use in an earth-boring tool, the cutting element comprising a polycrystalline diamond material formed by a method comprising:
subjecting a particle mixture to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular diamond-to-diamond bonds, wherein the particle mixture comprises, before subjecting to the HPHT conditions:
a plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles, each comprising a carbon-free core and at least one functional group attached thereto;
diamond nanoparticles; and
diamond grit.
15. The cutting element of claim 14 , further comprising a substrate, wherein the polycrystalline diamond material is bonded to the substrate.
16. The cutting element of claim 15 , wherein the substrate comprises a generally cylindrical body of cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide.
17. The cutting element of claim 14 , wherein the cutting element comprises a network of diamond grains having a bimodal size distribution.
18. The cutting element of claim 17 , wherein the network of diamond grains comprises a first plurality of grains and a second plurality of grains, the first plurality of grains having an average particle dimension from about 1 μm to about 500 μm, and the second plurality of grains having an average particle dimension of about 500 nm or less.
19. An earth-boring tool comprising a cutting element, the cutting element comprising a polycrystalline diamond material formed by a method comprising:
subjecting a particle mixture to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular diamond-to-diamond bonds, wherein the particle mixture comprises, before subjecting to the HPHT conditions:
a plurality of non-diamond nanoparticles, each comprising a carbon-free core and at least one functional group attached thereto;
diamond nanoparticles; and
diamond grit.
20. The earth-boring tool of claim 19 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond comprises a generally cylindrical body bonded to a substrate comprising cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide.