Methods of forming solar cells with fired multilayer film stacks

1. A method of forming a fired multilayer stack, the method comprising the steps of:

a) applying a wet metal particle layer on at least a portion of a surface of a substrate;

b) drying the wet metal particle layer to form a dried metal particle layer;

c) applying a wet intercalation layer directly on at least a portion of the dried metal particle layer to form a multilayer stack;

wherein the wet intercalation layer comprises:

between 10 wt % and 70 wt % precious metal particles;

at least 10 wt % intercalating particles; and

organic vehicle;

wherein the intercalating particles comprise one or more selected from the

group consisting of low temperature base metal particles, crystalline metal oxide particles, and glass frit particles;

d) drying the multilayer stack; and

e) co-firing the multilayer stack to form the fired multilayer stack.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wet metal particle layer comprises metal particles comprising a material selected from the group comprising aluminum, copper, iron, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, steel, and alloys, composites, and other combinations thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising, before step a), the step of depositing at least one dielectric layer onto at least a portion of the surface of the substrate and wherein step a) comprises applying the wet metal particle layer directly on at least a portion the dielectric layer.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each applying step comprises a method selected independently from the group consisting of screen printing, gravure printing, spray deposition, slot coating, 3D printing and inkjet printing.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein step a) comprises screen printing through a patterned screen to produce a wet metal particle layer that has variable thickness.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps b) and d) comprise drying at a temperature below 500° C. for a time period between 1 second and 90 minutes.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein step e) comprises rapidly heating to a temperature greater than 600° C. for a time period between 0.5 second and 60 minutes in air.

8. The method of claim 1 further comprising step f) soldering a tabbing ribbon onto a portion of the fired multilayer stack.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low temperature base metal particles comprise a material selected from the group consisting of bismuth, tin, tellurium, antimony, lead, and alloys, composites, and other combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline metal oxide particles comprise oxygen and a metal selected from the group consisting of bismuth, tin, tellurium, antimony, lead, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, boron, manganese, cobalt, and alloys, composites and other combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glass frit particles comprises a material selected from a group consisting of antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, fluorine, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, iodine, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, potassium, rhenium, selenium, silicon, sodium, strontium, tellurium, tin, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, alloys thereof, oxides thereof, composites thereof, and other combinations thereof.

12. A method of forming a fired multilayer stack, the method comprising the steps of:

a) applying a wet metal particle layer on at least a portion of a surface of a substrate;

b) drying the wet metal particle layer to form a dried metal particle layer;

c) firing the dried metal particle layer to form a metal particle layer;

d) applying a wet intercalation layer directly on at least a portion of the metal particle layer to form a multilayer stack;

wherein the wet intercalation layer comprises:

between 10 wt % and 70 wt % precious metal particles;

at least 10 wt % intercalating particles ; and

organic vehicle;

wherein the intercalating particles comprise one or more selected from the group consisting of low temperature base metal particles, crystalline metal oxide particles, and glass frit particles;

e) drying the multilayer stack; and

f) firing the multilayer stack to form the fired multilayer stack.

13. A method for fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising the steps of:

a) providing a silicon wafer that has a front surface and a back surface;

b) applying a wet aluminum particle layer on at least a portion of the back surface of the silicon wafer;

c) drying the wet aluminum particle layer to form an aluminum particle layer;

d) applying a wet intercalation layer directly on at least a portion of the aluminum particle layer to form a multilayer stack;

wherein the wet intercalation layer comprises:

between 10 wt % and 70 wt % precious metal particles;

at least 10 wt % intercalating particles comprising ; and

organic vehicle;

wherein the intercalating particles comprise one or more selected from the group consisting of low temperature base metal particles, crystalline metal oxide particles, and glass frit particles;

e) drying the multilayer stack;

f) applying a plurality of fine grid lines and at least one front busbar layer onto the front surface of the silicon wafer;

g) drying the plurality of fine grid lines and the at least one front busbar layer to form a structure; and

h) co-firing the structure to form a silicon solar cell.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising between step a) and step b) the step of depositing at least one dielectric layer onto a at least a portion of the back surface of the silicon wafer and wherein step b) comprises applying the wet aluminum particle layer directly on the dielectric layer.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein each applying step comprises a method selected from the group consisting of screen printing, gravure printing, spray deposition, slot coating, 3D printing and inkjet printing.

16. The method of claim 13 , wherein step b) comprises screen printing through a patterned screen to produce a wet metal particle layer that has variable thickness.

17. The method of claim 13 wherein steps e) and g) comprise drying at a temperature between 150° C. and 300° C. for a time period between 1 second and 60 minutes.

18. 13The method of claim 13 wherein co-firing comprises rapidly heating to a temperature greater than 700° C. for a time period between 0.5 and 3 seconds in air.

19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the low temperature base metal particles comprise a material selected from the group consisting of bismuth, tin, tellurium, antimony, lead, and alloys, composites, and other combinations thereof.

20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the crystalline metal oxide particles comprise oxygen and a metal selected from the group consisting of bismuth, tin, tellurium, antimony, lead, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, boron, manganese, cobalt, and alloys, composites and other combinations thereof.

21. The method of claim 13 , wherein the glass frit particles comprises a material selected from a group consisting of antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, fluorine, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, iodine, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, potassium, rhenium, selenium, silicon, sodium, strontium, tellurium, tin, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, alloys thereof, oxides thereof, composites thereof, and other combinations thereof.