Opto-electronic modulator utilizing one or more heating elements
Described herein are methods, systems, and apparatuses to utilize an electro-optic modulator including one or more heating elements. The modulator can utilize one or more heating elements to control an absorption or phase shift of the modulated optical signal. At least the active region of the modulator and the one or more heating elements of the modulator are included in a thermal isolation region comprising a low thermal conductivity to thermally isolate the active region and the one or more heating elements from a substrate of the PIC.
1. A modulating system, comprising:
a first waveguide configured to guide light;
a first active region through which at least a portion of the first waveguide extends;
a second waveguide configured to guide light;
a second active region through which at least a portion of the second waveguide extends;
a single heater positioned alongside and between the first and second active regions;
control circuitry operable to control the heater to selectively heat the first and second active regions,
wherein operatively the heater varies at least one of:
a first refractive index in the first active region, so that variations in the first refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the first waveguide and vary an optical path length traversed by the light in the first waveguide, and
a first absorption in the first active region, so that variations in the first absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the first waveguide,
wherein operatively the heater further varies at least one of:
a second refractive index in the second active region, so that variations in the second refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the second waveguide and vary an optical path length traversed by the light in the second waveguide, and
a second absorption in the second active region, so that variations in the second absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the second waveguide;
a heat sink configured to dissipate heat from the control circuitry; and
a thermal isolation region configured to thermally isolate the first active region, the second active region, and the heater from the heat sink.
2. The modulating system of claim 1 , wherein operably controlling the heater comprises providing a selectable current to the heater to set a temperature in the first active region to a first specified value and set a temperature in the second active region to a second specified value.
3. The modulating system of claim 1 , wherein:
operatively, the heater varies the first absorption in the first active region, so that variations in the first absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the first waveguide; and
the modulating system functions as an electro-absorption modulator.
4. The modulating system of claim 1 , wherein:
operatively, the heater varies the first refractive index in the first active region, so that variations in the first refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the first waveguide;
the first active region and the heater function as at least part of a first electro-optic modulator;
operatively, the heater varies the second refractive index in the second active region, so that variations in the second refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the second waveguide;
the second active region and the heater function as at least part of a second electro-optic modulator; and
the first and second electro-optical modulators are arranged in a push-pull configuration to form a Mach-Zehnder modulator.
5. The modulating system of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electrodes configured to produce electric fields in the first and second active regions, the electric fields being controlled by the control circuitry.
6. The modulating system of claim 5 , wherein the control circuitry is further configured to provide selectable voltages to the plurality of electrodes.
7. The modulating system of claim 6 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to provide the selectable voltages to the plurality of electrodes in response to a detected wavelength change in the light directed through the first or second active regions, the selectable voltages being selected to stabilize a phase or an intensity of the light directed through the first or second active regions.
8. A method for modulating light, the method comprising:
guiding light through a first active region of a first waveguide and a second active region of a second waveguide;
selectively heating, with a single heater positioned alongside and between the first and second active regions and under control of control circuitry, the first active region to vary at least one of:
a first refractive index in the first active region, so that variations in the first refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the first waveguide and vary an optical path length traversed by the light in the first waveguide, and
a first absorption in the first active region, so that variations in the first absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the first waveguide;
selectively heating, under control of the control circuitry, the second active region to vary at least one of:
a second refractive index in the second active region, so that variations in the second refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the second waveguide and vary an optical path length traversed by the light in the second waveguide, and
a second absorption in the second active region, so that variations in the second absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the second waveguide;
dissipating heat from the control circuitry with a heat sink; and
thermally isolating the first active region, the second active region, and the heater from the heat sink.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising providing a selectable current to the heater to set a temperature at the first active region to a first specified value and set a temperature at the second active region to a second specified value.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
with the heater, varying the first absorption in the first active region, so that variations in the first absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the waveguide, and so that the heater, the first active region, and the second active region function as at least part of an electro-absorption modulator.
11. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
with the heater, varying the first refractive index in the first active region, so that variations in the first refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the first waveguide, so that the heater and the first active region function as at least part of a first electro-optic modulator;
with the heater, varying the second refractive index in the second active region, so that variations in the second refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the second waveguide, so that the heater and the second active region function as at least part of a second electro-optic modulator; and
arranging the first and second electro-optical modulators in a push-pull configuration to form a Mach-Zehnder modulator.
12. The method of claim 8 , further comprising producing electric fields in the first and second active regions with a plurality of electrodes, the electric fields being dependent on selectable voltages.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising providing the selectable voltages to the plurality of electrodes with the control circuitry.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to provide the selectable voltages to the plurality of electrodes in response to a detected wavelength change in the light directed through the first or second active regions, the selectable voltages being selected to stabilize a phase or an intensity of the light directed through the first or second active regions.
15. A method for modulating light, the method comprising:
guiding light through a first active region of a first waveguide and a second active region of a second waveguide;
producing electric fields in the first and second active regions with a plurality of electrodes controlled by control circuitry, the electric fields being dependent on a selectable voltage;
selectively heating the first and second active regions with a single heater positioned alongside and between the first and second active regions and controlled by the control circuitry,
wherein operatively the electric field and heater vary at least one of:
a first refractive index in the first active region, so that variations in the first refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the first waveguide and vary an optical path length traversed by the light in the first waveguide, and
a first absorption in the first active region, so that variations in the first absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the first waveguide;
wherein operatively the heater further varies at least one of:
a second refractive index in the second active region, so that variations in the second refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the second waveguide and vary an optical path length traversed by the light in the second waveguide, and
a second absorption in the second active region, so that variations in the second absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the second waveguide;
dissipating heat from the control circuitry with a heat sink; and
thermally isolating the first active region, the second active region, and the heater from the heat sink.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
with the electric field and the heater, varying the first absorption in the first active region, so that variations in the first absorption modulate an intensity of the light in the first waveguide, and so that the modulating system functions as an electro-absorption modulator.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
with the electric field and the heater, varying the first refractive index in the first active region, so that variations in the first refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the first waveguide, so that the heater and the first active region function as at least part of a first electro-optic modulator;
with the electric field and the heater, varying the second refractive index in the second active region, so that variations in the second refractive index modulate a phase of the light in the second waveguide, so that the heater and the second active region function as at least part of a second electro-optic modulator; and
arranging the first and second electro-optical modulators in a push-pull configuration to form a Mach-Zehnder modulator.