Pulsed laser for lidar system
In one embodiment, a laser system includes a seed laser configured to produce optical seed pulses. The laser system also includes a first fiber-optic amplifier configured to amplify the seed pulses by a first amplifier gain to produce a first-amplifier output that includes amplified seed pulses and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The laser system further includes a first optical filter configured to remove from the first-amplifier output an amount of the ASE. The laser system also includes a second fiber-optic amplifier configured to receive the amplified seed pulses from the first optical filter and amplify the received pulses by a second amplifier gain to produce output pulses. The output pulses have output-pulse characteristics that include: a pulse repetition frequency of less than or equal to 100 MHz; a pulse duration of less than or equal to 20 nanoseconds; and a duty cycle of less than or equal to 1%.
1. A laser system comprising:
a seed laser configured to produce optical seed pulses;
a first fiber-optic amplifier configured to amplify the seed pulses by a first amplifier gain to produce a first-amplifier output that comprises amplified seed pulses and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE);
a first optical filter configured to remove from the first-amplifier output an amount of the ASE;
a second fiber-optic amplifier configured to receive the amplified seed pulses from the first optical filter and amplify the received pulses by a second amplifier gain to produce output pulses, wherein the output pulses have output-pulse characteristics comprising:
a pulse repetition frequency of less than or equal to 100 MHz;
a pulse duration of less than or equal to 20 nanoseconds; and
a duty cycle of less than or equal to 1%; and
an optical demultiplexer configured to receive the output pulses from the second fiber-optic amplifier and distribute the output pulses to a plurality of optical links of a lidar system, wherein the optical links are coupled to a respective plurality of sensor heads of the lidar system.
2. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the output-pulse characteristics further comprise:
an operating wavelength of between approximately 1400 nm and 2050 nm;
a pulse energy of greater than or equal to 10 nanojoules;
a peak power of greater than or equal to 1 watt; and
an average power of less than or equal to 50 watts, wherein the ASE comprises less than or equal to 25% of the average power.
3. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein:
the optical seed pulses have an average power of greater than or equal to 1 microwatt;
the output pulses have an average power of greater than or equal to 1 milliwatt; and
the first amplifier gain and the second amplifier gain together correspond to an overall optical power gain of greater than or equal to 40 dB.
4. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser comprises a laser diode configured to be electrically driven by a pulse generator to produce the optical seed pulses.
5. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser comprises:
a laser diode configured to produce continuous-wave (CW) light; and
an optical modulator configured to receive the CW light and produce the optical seed pulses from the received CW light.
6. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser comprises:
a laser diode configured to produce optical pulses having a duration τ; and
an optical modulator configured to:
receive the optical pulses from the laser diode; and
selectively transmit a portion of each of the received optical pulses to produce the optical seed pulses, wherein each optical seed pulse has a duration less than τ.
7. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser comprises:
a plurality of laser diodes, wherein each laser diode is configured to produce light at a different wavelength; and
an optical multiplexer configured to combine the light produced by each laser diode into a single optical fiber.
8. The laser system of claim 7 , wherein:
each output pulse has a wavelength corresponding to a wavelength of one of the laser diodes; and
the optical demultiplexer is a wavelength demultiplexer configured to distribute the output pulses to the optical links by separating the output pulses according to wavelength and sending each output pulse to a corresponding optical link for transmission to a corresponding sensor head.
9. The laser system of claim 1 , further comprising a wavelength-dependent delay line configured to receive input light comprising a plurality of operating wavelengths of the laser system and produce time-delayed light, wherein the time-delayed light comprises the light at the plurality of operating wavelengths, wherein each wavelength of the plurality of operating wavelengths has a particular time delay based on the wavelength.
10. The laser system of claim 9 , wherein the delay line comprises:
a circulator; and
a plurality of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) corresponding to the plurality of operating wavelengths, wherein:
the FBGs are arranged in series and separated from one another by a particular length of optical fiber; and
each FBG is configured to reflect one wavelength of the operating wavelengths.
11. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser comprises a wavelength-tunable laser configured to produce light at a plurality of wavelengths.
12. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser comprises a mode-locked fiber laser and a pulse picker configured to extract optical pulses produced by the mode-locked fiber laser.
13. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical filter is configured to remove greater than or equal to 80% of the ASE from the first-amplifier output.
14. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical filter comprises a spectral filter configured to transmit light at one or more operating wavelengths of the laser system and attenuate light away from the transmitted wavelengths by at least 20 dB.
15. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical filter comprises a temporal filter comprising an optical switch or a semiconductor optical amplifier, wherein the temporal filter is configured to be in a transmitting state when an amplified seed pulse is present and to be in a non-transmitting state otherwise, wherein when operating in the non-transmitting state, the ASE is substantially prevented from being transmitted through the first optical filter.
16. The laser system of claim 1 , further comprising a second optical filter configured to receive the output pulses from the second amplifier and reduce an amount of ASE produced by the second amplifier.
17. The laser system of claim 1 , further comprising an output collimator configured to receive the output pulses from the second fiber-optic amplifier and produce a free-space optical beam comprising the output pulses.
18. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first fiber-optic amplifier comprises a double-pass amplifier comprising:
a circulator;
an erbium-doped or erbium/ytterbium-doped gain fiber comprising a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is coupled to the circulator; and
a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coupled to the second end of the gain fiber, wherein the FBG is configured to reflect light corresponding to one or more operating wavelengths of the laser system and transmit or attenuate light that is away from the reflected wavelengths; and
the second fiber-optic amplifier comprises a booster amplifier comprising a double-clad gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants.
19. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first fiber-optic amplifier comprises a first single-pass amplifier comprising a first gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants;
the second fiber-optic amplifier comprises a second single-pass amplifier comprising a second gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants; and
the laser system further comprises a third fiber-optic amplifier, wherein the third amplifier comprises a booster amplifier comprising a double-clad gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants.
20. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first fiber-optic amplifier comprises a double-pass amplifier comprising:
a circulator;
an erbium-doped or erbium/ytterbium-doped gain fiber comprising a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is coupled to the circulator; and
a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coupled to the second end of the gain fiber, wherein the FBG is configured to reflect light corresponding to one or more operating wavelengths of the laser system and transmit or attenuate light that is away from the reflected wavelengths;
the second fiber-optic amplifier comprises a single-pass amplifier comprising erbium-doped or erbium/ytterbium-doped gain fiber; and
the laser system further comprises a third fiber-optic amplifier, wherein the third amplifier comprises a booster amplifier comprising a double-clad gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants.
21. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the second fiber-optic amplifier comprises a booster amplifier comprising a double-clad gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants.
22. The laser system of claim 21 , wherein the booster amplifier further comprises a cladding mode stripper.
23. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the seed laser, the first amplifier, the first optical filter, and the second amplifier are packaged together within a single housing.
24. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein the laser system further comprises a third fiber-optic amplifier configured to receive the output pulses from the second amplifier and amplify the output pulses by a third amplifier gain, wherein the third amplifier comprises a booster amplifier comprising a double-clad gain fiber comprising erbium dopants or erbium and ytterbium dopants.
25. A laser system comprising:
a seed laser configured to produce optical seed pulses;
a first fiber-optic amplifier configured to amplify the seed pulses by a first amplifier gain to produce a first-amplifier output that comprises amplified seed pulses and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE);
a first optical filter configured to remove from the first-amplifier output an amount of the ASE; and
a second fiber-optic amplifier configured to receive the amplified seed pulses from the first optical filter and amplify the received pulses by a second amplifier gain to produce output pulses, wherein the output pulses have output-pulse characteristics comprising:
a pulse repetition frequency of less than or equal to 100 MHz;
a pulse duration of less than or equal to 20 nanoseconds; and
a duty cycle of less than or equal to 1%,
wherein the laser system is part of a lidar system comprising a light source, an optical link, and a sensor head, wherein:
the optical link couples the light source to the sensor head;
the seed laser is disposed in the light source;
the first fiber-optic amplifier is disposed in the light source, the optical link, or the sensor head; and
the second fiber-optic amplifier is disposed in the light source, the optical link, or the sensor head.
26. The laser system of claim 25 , wherein:
the first and second amplifiers are disposed in the light source; and
the laser system further comprises a third fiber-optic amplifier comprising a gain fiber distributed along a length of the optical link.
27. The laser system of claim 25 , wherein:
the first amplifier is disposed in the light source; and
the second amplifier comprises a gain fiber distributed along a length of the optical link.
28. The laser system of claim 25 , wherein:
the first and second amplifiers are disposed in the light source; and
the laser system further comprises a third amplifier disposed in the sensor head, wherein the third amplifier comprises a free-space amplifier or a fiber-optic amplifier.
29. The laser system of claim 25 , wherein:
the first amplifier is disposed in the light source;
the second amplifier comprises a gain fiber distributed along a length of the optical link; and
the laser system further comprises a third amplifier disposed in the sensor head, wherein the third amplifier comprises a free-space amplifier or a fiber-optic amplifier.