Catheters, systems, and related methods for mapping, minimizing, and treating cardiac fibrillation
Catheters, systems, and related methods for optimized for mapping, minimizing, and treating cardiac fibrillation in a patient, including an array of at least one stacked electrode pair, each electrode pair including a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each electrode pair is configured to be orthogonal to a surface of a cardiac tissue substrate, wherein each first electrode is in contact with the surface to record a first signal, and wherein each second electrode is separated from the first electrode by a distance which enables the second electrode to record a second signal, wherein the catheter is configured to obtain one or more measurements from at least a first signal and a second signal in response to electrical activity in the cardiac tissue substrate indicative of a number of electrical circuit cores and distribution of the electrical circuit cores for a duration across the cardiac tissue substrate.
1. A method for identifying electrode tissue contact comprising:
positioning a catheter including an array of at least a first electrode and a second electrode affixed to the catheter and having a known inter-electrode spacing in a vicinity of a cardiac tissue substrate;
measuring a first rate of change in electrogram amplitude (dV/dt) from the first electrode;
measuring a second rate of change in electrogram amplitude (dV/dt) from the second electrode;
calculating a difference between the first rate of change in electrogram amplitude and the second rate of change in electrogram amplitude to obtain a delta dV/dt value; and
correlating the delta dV/dt value to determine whether the first electrode is in contact with the cardiac tissue substrate and whether the first and second electrodes are orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
recording the first rate of change from the first electrode for at least two time segments; and
recording the second rate of change from the second electrode for at least two time segments.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrogram amplitude is a signal generated by at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode in response to a fluctuation of an electric potential field surrounding the cardiac tissue substrate.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the difference between the first rate of change in electrogram amplitude and the second rate of change in electrogram amplitude is related to a height of the first electrode and a height of the second electrode above a surface of the cardiac tissue substrate.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein correlating the delta dV/dt value to determine whether the first electrode is in contact with the cardiac tissue substrate and whether the first and second electrodes are orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate further comprises comparing the delta dV/dt value to a threshold value.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first electrode is in contact with the cardiac tissue substrate and the first and second electrodes are orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate if the delta dV/dt value is above the threshold value.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first electrode is not in contact with the cardiac tissue substrate or the first and second electrodes are not orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate if the delta dV/dt value is below the threshold value.
8. A system for identifying electrode tissue contact, comprising:
a catheter having an array of at least a first electrode and a second electrode affixed to the catheter and having a known inter-electrode spacing;
wherein the first electrode is configured to measure a first rate of change in electrogram amplitude (dV/dt);
wherein the second electrode, separated from the first electrode by a first distance, is configured to measure a second rate of change in electrogram amplitude (dV/dt);
a processor configured to:
calculate a difference between the first rate of change in electrogram amplitude and the second rate of change in electrogram amplitude to obtain a delta dV/dt value; and
correlate the delta dV/dt value to determine whether the first electrode is in contact with a cardiac tissue substrate and whether the first and second electrodes are orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein,
the first electrode is configured to record the first rate of change for at least two time segments; and
the second electrode is configured to record the second rate of change for at least two time segments.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electrogram amplitude is a signal generated by at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode in response to a fluctuation of an electric potential field surrounding the cardiac tissue substrate.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the difference between the first rate of change in electrogram amplitude and the second rate of change in electrogram amplitude is related to a height of the first electrode and a height of the second electrode above a surface of the cardiac tissue substrate.
12. The system of claim 8 , wherein the processor is configured to compare the delta dV/dt value to a threshold value.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the first electrode is in contact with the cardiac tissue substrate and the first and second electrodes are orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate if the delta dV/dt value is above the threshold value.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the first electrode is not in contact with the cardiac tissue substrate or the first and second electrodes are not orthogonal to the cardiac tissue substrate if the delta dV/dt value is below the threshold value.