Synthesis of hetero ionic compounds using dialkylcarbonate quaternization
Methods of preparing hetero ionic complexes, and ionic liquids from bisulfate salts of heteroatomic compounds using dialkylcarbonates as a primary quaternizing reactant are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of making electrochemical cells comprising the ionic liquids, and an electrochemical cell comprising an alkaline electrolyte and a hetero ionic complex additive.
1. An electrochemical cell comprising a cell housing, an anode, a cathode, a separator separating the anode and the cathode, and an ionically conductive medium comprising an alkaline electrolytic solution dispersed throughout the cell including the anode and the cathode, the electrolytic solution further comprising a hetero ionic complex additive comprising a heteroatomic compound cation and an anion dissolved in the electrolytic solution,
wherein the cell is a secondary cell and the anode comprises a solid metal fuel for oxidation during discharging and electrodeposition thereon reduction during charging.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline electrolytic solution comprises potassium hydroxide.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is prepared by:
(1) reacting a heteroatomic compound with dialkylcarbonate to produce an alkylcarbonate salt of the heteroatomic compound;
(2) acidifying the alkylcarbonate salt with a sulfate-containing acid to produce a bisulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound; and
(3) converting the bisulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound to a hetero ionic complex comprising an alkyl-heteroatomic cation and an anion.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the heteroatomic compound has the formula hetero-R—X, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, and substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, X is a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, P, S, and mixtures thereof, which can be linear or can form a hetero or heteroaromatic ring, or bicyclic ring.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the heteroatomic compound is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidines, morpholines, piperidines, piperazines, quinuclidines, bicyclic amines, amidines, guanidines, alkanolamines, monoalkylamines, dialkylamines, pyrroles, pyrazoles, triazoles, thiazoles, oxazoles, pyridines, imidazopyridines, imidazopyrimidines, monoalkylphosphines, dialkylphosphines, trialkylphosphines, monoalkylphosphites, dialkylphosphites, trialkylphosphites, phosphorus monoamines, phosphorus diamines, phosphorus triamines, mercaptans, thiophenes, dihydrothiophenes, tetrahydrothiophenes, thioethers, dialkylsulfoxides, and combinations thereof.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 , wherein the heteroatomic compound is 1,4, diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of halophosphates, hexafluorophosphate, alkylphosphates, arylphosphates, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonates, alkyl carbonates, alkylsulfates, arylsulfates, perfluorinated alkyl- and arylsulfates, sulfonate, alkylsulfonates, arylsulfonates, perfluorinated alkyl- and arylsulfonates, trifluoromethylsulfonate, tosylate, perchlorate, tetrachloroaluminate, heptachlorodialuminate, tetrafluoroborate, alkylborates, arylborates, amides, perfluorinated amides, dicyanamide, saccharinate, thiocyanate, carboxylates, acetates, trifluoroacetate, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)amide, chloride (Cl − ), hydroxide (OH − ), hexafluorophosphate (PF 6 − ), iodide, other halides, tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C 2 F 6 NO 4 S 2 − ), trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF 3 SO 3 − ; TfO − ), dicyanamide (N(CN) 2 − ; dca), benzoate, acesulfame, saccharinate, methanesulfonate, and mixtures thereof.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the anion is an alkyl carbonate anion.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the heteroatomic compound cation is 1-methyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, and the anion is hydroxide or methyl carbonate.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the heteroatomic compound cation is methyl-3-quinuclidinolium, and the anion is hydroxide or methyl carbonate.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount sufficient to reduce the formation of dendrites on the cathode or anode.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of less than about 200 mM.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 40 mM.
14. An electrochemical cell comprising a cell housing, an anode, a cathode, a separator separating the anode and the cathode, and an ionically conductive medium comprising an alkaline electrolytic solution dispersed throughout the cell including the anode and the cathode, the electrolytic solution further comprising a hetero ionic complex additive comprising a heteroatomic compound cation and an anion dissolved in the electrolytic solution,
wherein the cell is a secondary cell and the anode comprises a solid metal fuel for oxidation during discharging and reduction during charging,
wherein the heteroatomic compound cation is 1-methyl-4-aza-azoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the anion is hydroxide.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the anion is an alkyl carbonate anion.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the anion is methyl carbonate.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the alkaline electrolytic solution comprises potassium hydroxide.
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 15 , wherein the alkaline electrolytic solution comprises potassium hydroxide.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 16 , wherein the alkaline electrolytic solution comprises potassium hydroxide.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the alkaline electrolytic solution comprises potassium hydroxide.
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 18 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of less than about 200 mM.
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 22 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 40 mM.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of less than about 200 mM.
25. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 40 mM.
26. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of less than about 200 mM.
27. The electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 40 mM.
28. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of less than about 200 mM.
29. The electrochemical cell of claim 28 , wherein the hetero ionic complex additive is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 40 mM.
30. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the heteroatomic compound cation is an alkyl heteroatomic compound cation.
31. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises particles of the metal fuel.
32. The electrochemical cell of claim 31 , wherein the anode comprises a gelling agent.
33. The electrochemical cell of claim 31 , wherein the metal fuel particles are zinc particles.
34. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises cathode active materials and a binder.
35. The electrochemical cell of claim 31 , wherein the cathode comprises cathode active materials and a binder.
36. The electrochemical cell of claim 31 , wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of: paper, cellophane, and non-woven material.
37. The electrochemical cell of claim 35 , wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of: paper, cellophane, and non-woven material.
38. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell housing is cylindrical and the cathode is located between the anode and the cell housing.
39. The electrochemical cell of claim 38 , further comprising a current collector extending into the anode, a negative terminal at one end of the housing connected to the current collector, and a positive terminal at an opposite end of the housing.
40. The electrochemical cell of claim 39 , wherein the housing is sealed.
41. An electrochemical cell comprising a cell housing, an anode, a cathode, a separator separating the anode and the cathode, and an ionically conductive medium comprising an alkaline electrolytic solution dispersed throughout the cell including the anode and the cathode, the electrolytic solution further comprising a hetero ionic complex additive comprising a heteroatomic compound cation and an anion dissolved in the electrolytic solution,
wherein the cell is a secondary cell and the anode comprises a solid metal fuel for oxidation during discharging and reduction during charging,
wherein the electrolytic solution comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium perchlorate, and magnesium bromide.
42. An electrochemical cell comprising a cell housing, an anode, a cathode, a separator separating the anode and cathode, and an ionically conductive medium comprising an alkaline electrolytic solution dispersed throughout the cell including the anode and the cathode, the electrolytic solution further comprising an additive comprising a cation of 1,4, diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane and an anion dissolved in the electrolytic solution.
43. The electrochemical cell of claim 42 , wherein the cell is a secondary cell and the anode comprises a solid metal fuel for oxidation during discharging and reduction during charging.
44. The electrochemical cell of claim 42 , wherein the cation is 1-methyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, and the anion is hydroxide or methyl carbonate.
45. The electrochemical cell of claim 43 , wherein the anode comprises particles of the metal fuel.
46. The electrochemical cell of claim 45 , wherein the anode comprises a gelling agent.
47. The electrochemical cell of claim 45 , wherein the metal fuel particles are zinc particles.
48. The electrochemical cell of claim 43 , wherein the cathode comprises cathode active materials and a binder.
49. The electrochemical cell of claim 45 , wherein the cathode comprises cathode active materials and a binder.
50. The electrochemical cell of claim 45 , wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of: paper, cellophane, and non-woven material.
51. The electrochemical cell of claim 49 , wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of: paper, cellophane, and non-woven material.
52. The electrochemical cell of claim 42 , wherein the cell housing is cylindrical and the cathode is located between the anode and the cell housing.
53. The electrochemical cell of claim 52 , further comprising a current collector extending into the anode, a negative terminal at one end of the housing connected to the current collector, and a positive terminal at an opposite end of the housing.
54. The electrochemical cell of claim 53 , wherein the housing is sealed.
55. The electrochemical cell of claim 43 , wherein the cation is 1-methyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, and the anion is hydroxide or methyl carbonate.
56. The electrochemical cell of claim 55 , wherein the anode comprises particles of the metal fuel.
57. The electrochemical cell of claim 56 , wherein the anode comprises a gelling agent.
58. The electrochemical cell of claim 56 , wherein the metal fuel particles are zinc particles.
59. The electrochemical cell of claim 56 , wherein the cathode comprises cathode active materials and a binder.
60. The electrochemical cell of claim 59 , wherein the cell housing is cylindrical and the cathode is located between the anode and the cell housing.
61. The electrochemical cell of claim 60 , further comprising a current collector extending into the anode, a negative terminal at one end of the housing connected to the current collector, and a positive terminal at an opposite end of the housing.
62. The electrochemical cell of claim 61 , wherein the housing is sealed.
63. An electrochemical cell comprising a cell housing, an anode, a cathode, a separator separating the anode and the cathode, and an ionically conductive medium comprising an alkaline aqueous electrolytic solution dispersed throughout the cell including the anode and the cathode, the aqueous electrolytic solution further comprising a hetero ionic complex additive comprising a heteroatomic compound cation and an anion dissolved in the aqueous electrolytic solution,
wherein the anode comprises a solid metal fuel for oxidation during discharging.