4-(p-quinonyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives for treatment of mitochondrial diseases
Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, and stroke (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), are disclosed, an well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention, such as 4-(p-quinolyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and pervasive developmental disorders such as autism are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.
1. A compound selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide as its hydroquinone form; and salts, stereoisomers, and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 which is selected from the group consisting of (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide; and salts thereof.
3. The compound of claim 2 which is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide.
4. The compound of claim 1 which is selected from the group consisting of (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide; and salts thereof.
5. The compound of claim 4 which is (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide.
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide and salts, stereoisomers, and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide; and salts thereof.
8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 , wherein the compound is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide.
9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide; and salts thereof.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 , wherein the compound is (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide.
11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide as its hydroquinone form; and salts, stereoisomers, and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof.
12. The compound of claim 11 which is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide as its hydroquinone form.
13. The compound of claim 11 which is (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide as its hydroquinone form.
14. A method of treating or suppressing a mitochondrial disorder, modulating one or more energy biomarkers, normalizing one or more energy biomarkers, or enhancing one or more energy biomarkers, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount or an effective amount of one or more compounds according to claim 1 .
15. A method of treating a subject suffering from a pervasive development disorder, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 to a subject suffering from a disorder selected from the group consisting of Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Rett's Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS).
16. A compound selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide; and salts, stereoisomers, and mixtures of stereoisomers, solvates, and hydrates thereof.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is selected from the group consisting of inherited mitochondrial diseases; Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF); Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactacidosis, and Stroke (MELAS); Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON); Leigh Syndrome; Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS); Friedreich's Ataxia (FA); other myopathies; cardiomyopathy; encephalomyopathy; renal tubular acidosis; neurodegenerative diseases; Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); motor neuron diseases; other neurological diseases; epilepsy; genetic diseases; Huntington's Disease; mood disorders; schizophrenia; bipolar disorder; age-associated diseases; cerebral vascular accidents, macular degeneration; diabetes; cancer; Co-Enzyme Q10 Deficiency; Complex I Deficiency; Complex II Deficiency; Complex III Deficiency; Complex IV Deficiency; Complex V Deficiency; and Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia Syndrome.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the method is a method of treating a mitochondrial disorder.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is Leigh syndrome.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is ALS.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is Friedreich's ataxia.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is Huntington's disease.
23. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is LHON.
24. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is Parkinson's disease.
25. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mitochondrial disorder is Co-Enzyme Q10 Deficiency.
26. The compound of claim 11 which is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide as its hydroquinone form, or a salt thereof.
27. The compound of claim 11 which is (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide as its hydroquinone form, or a salt thereof.
28. The method of claim 20 , wherein the one or more compounds is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide, or a salt thereof.
29. The method of claim 22 , wherein the one or more compounds is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide, or a salt thereof.
30. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more compounds is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide, or a salt thereof.
31. The method of claim 15 , wherein the one or more compounds is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide, or a salt thereof.
32. A method of treating or suppressing a mitochondrial disorder, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds according to claim 1 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the one or more compounds is (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide, or a salt thereof.