Fiber coupler for silicon photonics
An apparatus for converting fiber mode to waveguide mode. The apparatus includes a silicon substrate member and a dielectric member having an elongated body. Part of the elongated body from a back end overlies the silicon substrate member and remaining part of the elongated body up to a front end is separated from the silicon substrate member by a second dielectric material at an under region. The apparatus also includes a waveguide including a segment from the back end to a tail end formed on the dielectric member at least partially overlying the remaining part of the elongated body. The segment is buried in a cladding overlying entirely the dielectric member. The cladding has a refractive index that is less than the waveguide but includes an index-graded section with decreasing index that is formed at least over the segment from the tail end toward the back end.
1. A method for converting fiber mode to waveguide mode via a converter apparatus, the converter apparatus comprising:
a silicon substrate member;
a first dielectric material having an elongated body laid in a lengthwise direction from a back end to a front end with a portion proximate to the back end being supported by the silicon substrate member and a remaining portion proximate to the front end being suspended from the silicon substrate member or supported by a second dielectric material thereof;
a first waveguide segment formed from the back end along the lengthwise direction to a tail end on the first dielectric member, the tail end being a distance short to reach the front end of the first dielectric material; and
a first cladding material overlying both the first waveguide segment and the first dielectric material, the first cladding material having a refractive index smaller than the first waveguide segment and including includes an index-graded structure formed at least over the first waveguide segment with decreasing index from the tail end toward the back end, wherein the index-graded structure comprises a plurality of patterned slots having a depth partially into the first cladding material and having increasing widths and increasing slot-slot spacing from a location proximate to the tail end of the first waveguide segment toward the back end;
the method comprising coupling an optical fiber to both of the first dielectric material and the first cladding material at the front end; forming a silicon waveguide on the silicon substrate member to couple with the first waveguide segment at the back end.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of patterned slots is a cavity filled with a third dielectric material having a refractive index less than 1.4.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the index-graded structure comprises multiple segments made by respective materials with increasing index values stacked along the lengthwise direction overlying the elongated body of the first dielectric material from the back end to the front end.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprises forming a second waveguide segment buried inside the first cladding material, the second waveguide segment being configured with a first end portion partially over the first waveguide segment near the tail end and a second end portion near the front end of the first dielectric material, the second waveguide segment comprising a tapered shape having reduced widths at both the first end portion and the second end portion and a refractive index less than that of the first waveguide segment.