Optimal wind farm operation
The present application is concerned with a flexible way of operating a wind farm with a plurality of degrading wind turbine components. According to the invention, maintenance scheduling and power production in the wind farm are handled concurrently in a single optimization step. Instead of a serial approach first scheduling maintenance activities and subsequently adapting the power production and/or wind turbine operation the two aspects are optimized together. The wind farm operation takes maintenance aspects into account by adapting life index or health status based on modeled mechanical and electrical stress. Accordingly, the wind farm owner may decide when and how much energy to produce accepting which level of stress to the turbine equipment. The proposed optimization of wind farm operation includes all aspects of transmission network operator settings, the topology of wind farms and the underlying collector grid, the short and long term wind conditions forecasts, the conditions of the turbines, the estimated remaining operational time under different usage patterns and times, as well as aspects of the electricity market.
1. A method of operating a wind farm including plurality of wind turbines with a plurality of turbine components comprising a first and further turbine components, said plurality of turbine components subject to degradation, comprising:
predicting, for a turbine component of a first wind turbine and for each of a sequence of time intervals (t 1 . . . t N1 ) into the future, based on a sequence of first turbine control input values (u 1 (t 1 ) . . . u 1 (t N1 )) including a component maintenance action at a maintenance interval tM 1 , a component life index L(t) of the first turbine component,
determining a sequence of optimum turbine control input values (u 1 *(t 1 ) . . . u 1 *(t N1 )) including
a) an optimum maintenance interval t Ml * for the first turbine component and
b) optimum maintenance intervals t Mj * for each of the further turbine components that optimize an objective function J(u) depending on the component life index L of the first turbine component and on component life indices L j of the further turbine components, and
operating the first wind turbine according to at least one optimum turbine control input value u 1 *(t 1 ), wherein the method further comprises
predicting the component life index of the component based on a sequence of second turbine control input values (u 2 (t 1 ) . . . u 2 (t N2 )) of a second wind turbine electrically connected to a same branch of a collector grid of the wind farm as the first wind turbine, by evaluating voltage phase and amplitude difference between the first turbine and the second turbine, and
determining optimum first and second turbine control input values u 1 *(t), u 2 *(t).
2. The method of claim 1 , comprising
predicting the component life index of the component based on the sequence of second turbine control input values (u 2 (t 1 ) . . . u 2 (t N2 )) of the second wind turbine located upstream of the first wind turbine by evaluating predicted wind turbulences at the first turbine and caused by operational behavior of the second wind turbine, and
determining optimum first and second turbine control input values u 1 *(t), u 2 *(t).
3. The method of claim 2 , comprising
providing for each of the sequence of time intervals (t 1 . . . t Nj ) into the future a wind forecast, and calculating a sequence of electrical power output values (p j (t 1 ) . . . p j (t Nj )) of each of the plurality of turbines of the wind farm based on the wind forecast and based on a respective sequence of turbine control input values (u j (t 1 ) . . . u j (t Nj )),
providing for each of the sequence of time intervals (t 1 . . . t Nj ) into the future an electrical power demand or power generation forecast P(t) for the wind farm, and
providing an objective function J penalizing a deviation of a sum of the calculated electrical power outputs p j (t) of the plurality of turbines of the wind farm from the power demand or power generation forecast P(t).
4. The method of claim 2 , comprising
determining the sequence of optimum turbine control input values (u 1 *(t 1 ) . . . u 1 *(t N1 )) at least once per hour.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the wind turbines of the wind farm are electrically connected to a collector grid, comprising
providing an objective function including a term penalizing power flow imbalance in the collector grid.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the objective function includes a term indicative of earnings from electrical power generated by the first turbine over a time span including the component maintenance time t M .
7. The method of claim 1 , comprising
providing for each of the sequence of time intervals (t 1 . . . t Nj ) into the future a wind forecast, and calculating a sequence of electrical power output values (p j (t 1 ) . . . p j (t Nj )) of each of the plurality of turbines of the wind farm based on the wind forecast and based on a respective sequence of turbine control input values (u j (t 1 ) . . . u j (t Nj )),
providing for each of the sequence of time intervals (t 1 . . . t Nj ) into the future an electrical power demand or power generation forecast P(t) for the wind farm, and
providing an objective function J penalizing a deviation of a sum of the calculated electrical power outputs p j (t) of the plurality of turbines of the wind farm from the power demand or power generation forecast P(t).
8. The method of claim 7 , comprising
determining the sequence of optimum turbine control input values (u 1 *(t 1 ) . . . u 1 *(t N1 )) at least once per hour.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the wind turbines of the wind farm are electrically connected to a collector grid, comprising
providing an objective function including a term penalizing power flow imbalance in the collector grid.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the objective function includes a term indicative of earnings from electrical power generated by the first turbine over a time span including the component maintenance time t M .
11. The method of claim 1 , comprising
determining the sequence of optimum turbine control input values (u 1 *(t 1 ) . . . u 1 *(t N1 )) at least once per hour.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the wind turbines of the wind farm are electrically connected to a collector grid, comprising
providing an objective function including a term penalizing power flow imbalance in the collector grid.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the objective function includes a term indicative of earnings from electrical power generated by the first turbine over a time span including the component maintenance time t M .
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wind turbines of the wind farm are electrically connected to a collector grid, comprising
providing an objective function including a term penalizing power flow imbalance in the collector grid.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the objective function includes a term indicative of earnings from electrical power generated by the first turbine over a time span including the component maintenance time t M .
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the objective function includes a term indicative of earnings from electrical power generated by the first turbine over a time span including the component maintenance time t M .
17. A wind farm management system for operating a wind farm including a plurality of wind turbines with a plurality of turbine components comprising a first and further turbine components, said plurality of turbine components subject to degradation, comprising: a processor; memory in electronic communication with the processor; and instruction stored in the memory, the instructions being executable by the processor to:
predict a component life index L(t) of a turbine component of a first wind turbine, for each of a sequence of time intervals (t 1 . . .t N ) into the future, based on a model of the first wind turbine and based on a sequence of first turbine control input values (u 1 *(t 1 ) . . . u 1 *(t N )) including a component maintenance action at a maintenance interval t M ,
determine a sequence of optimum turbine control input values (u 1 *(t 1 ) . . . u 1 *(t N )) including
a) an optimum maintenance interval t M * for the first turbine component and
b) optimum maintenance intervals t Mj * for each of the further turbine components that optimize an objective function J(u) depending on the component life index L of the first turbine component and on component life indices L j of the further turbine components, and
operate the first wind turbine according to at least one optimum turbine control input value u 1 *(t 1 ),
predict the component life index of the component based on a sequence of second turbine control input values (u 2 (t 1 ) . . . u 2 (t N2 )) of a second wind turbine electrically connected to a same branch of a collector grid of the wind farm as the first wind turbine, by evaluating voltage phase and amplitude difference between the first turbine and the second turbine, and
determine optimum first and second turbine control input values u 1 *(t), u 2 *(t).