Pre-lithiation for batteries having si-anodes
The disclosure relates to pre-lithiation for batteries having silicon anodes. One example embodiment is a method. The method includes applying a voltage across an anode and a cathode of a battery during a formation charging process. The method also includes transferring lithium ions from the cathode to the anode to perform in situ pre-lithiation. A ratio of a capacity of the anode to a capacity of the cathode is less than 1.0.
1. A battery, comprising:
a cathode,
wherein the cathode comprises a matrix of particles bonded with one another, and
wherein each particle comprises:
a core region comprising LiNiCoAlO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 ; and
a primary shell region that surrounds the core region;
an anode; and
a secondary shell region that surrounds the primary shell region, wherein the secondary shell region comprises LiCoO 2 , LiNiMnCoO 2 , LiNiCoAlO 2 , and Li 2 MnO 3 .
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the particles are spherical.
3. The battery of claim 2 , wherein a ratio of a radius of the core region to a thickness of the primary shell region is between 0.1 and 0.5.
4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises Si.
5. The battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the battery is configured to be charged during a formation charging process by applying a voltage between the cathode and the anode, and
wherein the voltage is between 4.45 volts and 4.50 volts.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery is a rechargeable battery configured to be repeatedly recharged to a voltage between 4.15 volts and 4.25 volts.
7. The battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the battery is configured to be charged during a first formation charging process by applying a voltage between the cathode and the anode, and
wherein the voltage is between 4.45 volts and 4.65 volts.
8. The battery of claim 1 , further comprising:
a tertiary shell region that surrounds the secondary shell region, wherein the tertiary shell region comprises LiCoO 2 and LiNiCoAlO 2 .
9. A battery, comprising:
a cathode,
wherein the cathode comprises a matrix of particles bonded with one another, and
wherein each particle comprises:
a core region; and
a primary shell region that surrounds the core region, wherein the primary shell region comprises LiNiMnCoO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 ;
an anode; and
a secondary shell region that surrounds the primary shell region, wherein the secondary shell region comprises LiCoO 2 , LiNiMnCoO 2 , LiNiCoAlO 2 , and Li 2 MnO 3 .
10. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the anode comprises Si.
11. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the particles are spherical.
12. The battery of claim 9 , further comprising:
a tertiary shell region that surrounds the secondary shell region, wherein the tertiary shell region comprises LiNiMnCoO 2 , Li 2 MnO 3 , and LiNiCoAlO 2 .
13. A battery, comprising:
a cathode,
wherein the cathode comprises a matrix of particles bonded with one another, and
wherein each particle comprises:
a core region comprising LiNiCoAlO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 ; and
a primary shell region that surrounds the core region, wherein the primary shell region comprises LiNiMnCoO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 ;
and
an anode.
14. The battery of claim 13 , further comprising a secondary shell region that surrounds the primary shell region, wherein the secondary shell region comprises LiCoO 2 , LiNiMnCoO 2 , LiNiCoAlO 2 , and Li 2 MnO 3 .
15. The battery of claim 13 , wherein the anode comprises Si.
16. The battery of claim 13 , wherein a ratio of a radius of the core region to a thickness of the primary shell region is between 0.1 and 0.5.
17. The battery of claim 13 , further comprising a secondary shell region that surrounds the primary shell region, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the primary shell region to a thickness of the secondary shell region is between 0.01 and 0.5.
18. The battery of claim 13 , wherein the particles are spherical.