Dual-function nano-sized particles
Dual-function nano-sized particles or nanoparticles may be effective at fixating or reducing fines migration and they may facilitate identification of a particular zone in a well having more than one zone. In some embodiments the dual-function nanoparticles are tagged with a detectable material that is distinguishable from the composition of the primary nanoparticle component. In these embodiments, the taggant material rather than the primary component of the nanoparticles may be used to enable identification of a particular zone. The nanoparticles (with or without taggant) may be added to a treatment fluid containing carrier particles such as proppant. The treatment fluid is pumped downhole to one of the zones; each zone receiving its own unique or uniquely-tagged nanoparticles. Should one of the zones fail, the composition of the nanoparticles (or its taggant) produced on the carrier particles may be correlated to the zone from which it was received, and hence produced.
1. A treatment fluid for reducing fines migration and comprising:
a base fluid selected from the group consisting of water-based fluids, alcohol-based fluids and oil-based fluids, and
coated carrier particles consisting of: carrier particles, an effective amount of a particulate additive coated on the carrier particles to reduce fines migration and to facilitate identification of a zone in a well having more than one treatment-based zone, and taggants coated on the particulate additive; wherein the carrier particles are selected from the group consisting of sand, gravel, ceramic beads, glass beads, and combinations thereof; wherein the particulate additive has a mean particle size of 1000 nm or less and is selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof; and wherein the taggant is selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, lanthanoids; and mixtures thereof, where the taggant is selected to be distinguishable from the primary component.
2. The treatment fluid of claim 1 where
the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium, and mixtures thereof,
the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, and zinc and mixtures thereof, and
the post-transition metal is aluminum.
3. The treatment fluid of claim 1 where
the taggant alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of strontium, barium, and mixtures thereof;
the taggant transition metal is selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, and mixtures thereof;
the taggant post transition metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and mixtures thereof; and
the taggant lanthanoid is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and mixtures thereof.
4. The treatment fluid of claim 1 where, to reduce fines migration, the effective amount of the particulate additive ranges from about 20 to about 500 pptg (about 24 to about 60 kg/1000 liters) based on the aqueous treating fluid.
5. The treatment fluid of claim 1 where the base fluid is selected from the group consisting of a fracturing fluid, a gravel pack fluid, and a frac pack fluid.
6. The treatment fluid of claim 1 where the base fluid also includes taggant-free particulate additive, and where the particulate additive having a taggant is from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the total particulate additive.