Ultrapure synthetic carbon materials
The present application is generally directed to ultrapure synthetic carbon materials having both high surface area and high porosity, ultrapure polymer gels and devices containing the same. The disclosed ultrapure synthetic carbon materials find utility in any number of devices, for example, in electric double layer capacitance devices and batteries. Methods for making ultrapure synthetic carbon materials and ultrapure polymer gels are also disclosed.
1. An ultrapure polymer gel comprising carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a total impurity content of less than 500 ppm of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92 as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
2. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises a total impurity content of less than 200 ppm of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92 as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
3. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel is a dried ultrapure polymer gel.
4. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises a BET specific surface area of at least 400 m 2 /g.
5. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the total impurity content is less than 50 ppm of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92 as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
6. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises less than 3 ppm iron as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
7. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises less than 2 ppm nickel as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
8. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises less than 100 ppm sodium, less than 300 ppm silicon, less than 50 ppm sulfur, less than 100 ppm calcium, less than 20 ppm iron, less than 10 ppm nickel, less than 40 ppm copper, less than 5 ppm chromium and less than 5 ppm zinc as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
9. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises less than 100 ppm sodium, less than 50 ppm magnesium, less than 50 ppm aluminum, less than 10 ppm sulfur, less than 10 ppm chlorine, less than 10 ppm potassium, less than 1 ppm chromium and less than 1 ppm manganese as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
10. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises a BET specific surface area ranging from 100 m 2 /g to 1000 m 2 /g as measured by nitrogen sorption of the dried ultrapure polymer gel.
11. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises a BET specific surface area of at least 150 m 2 /g as measured by nitrogen sorption of the dried ultrapure polymer gel.
12. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises a BET specific surface area between 150 and 700 m 2 /g as measured by nitrogen sorption of the dried ultrapure polymer gel.
13. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises particles having average particle diameters of less than 25 mm.
14. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 13 wherein the average particle diameter of the particles is between 0.5 mm and 10 mm.
15. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , wherein the ultrapure polymer gel comprises a polymer of an aldehyde and a phenolic compound.
16. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 15 , wherein the aldehyde is formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde or a combination thereof.
17. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 15 , wherein the phenolic compound is phenol, resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, phloroglucinol or a combination thereof.
18. The ultrapure polymer gel of claim 15 , wherein the aldehyde compound is formaldehyde, and the phenolic compound is resorcinol, phenol or a combination thereof.
19. A method for preparing the ultrapure polymer gel of claim 1 , the method comprising reacting one or more polymer precursors in the presence of a volatile basic catalyst.