Hazard mitigation through gas flow communication between battery packs
A system and method for mitigating the effects of a thermal event within a non-metal-air battery pack is provided in which the hot gas and material generated during the event is directed into the metal-air cells of a metal-air battery pack. The metal-air cells provide a large thermal mass for absorbing at least a portion of the thermal energy generated during the event before it is released to the ambient environment. As a result, the risks to vehicle passengers, bystanders, first responders and property are limited.
1. A battery system comprising:
a first battery pack having a plurality of metal-air cells, a first air inlet, a second air inlet, and an air outlet;
a second battery pack having a plurality of non-metal-air cells and a hot gas outlet;
an air passageway coupling the hot gas outlet of the second battery pack to the second air inlet of the first battery pack; and
a first valve configured to control air flow out of the hot gas outlet, through the air passageway, through the second air inlet, through at least a portion of the plurality of metal-air cells, and out of the air outlet, the first valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein during normal operation the first valve is in the second position, and wherein the first valve is configured to switch from the second position to the first position upon an occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack.
2. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the first valve is configured to switch from the second position to the first position at a preset temperature within the second battery pack that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
3. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising a system controller coupled to the first valve and to at least one temperature sensor within the second battery pack, wherein the system controller is configured to switch the first valve from the second position to the first position when a temperature monitored by the at least one temperature sensor exceeds a preset temperature that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
4. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the first valve is configured to switch from the second position to the first position at a preset pressure within the second battery pack that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
5. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising a system controller coupled to the first valve and to at least one pressure sensor within the second battery pack, wherein the system controller is configured to switch the first valve from the second position to the first position when a pressure monitored by the at least one pressure sensor exceeds a preset pressure that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
6. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising a second valve corresponding to the first air inlet of the first battery pack, the second valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, and wherein the second valve is configured to switch to the second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack.
7. The battery system of claim 6 , wherein:
the first valve switches from the second position to the first position at a preset temperature within the second battery pack; and
the second valve switches to the second position at the preset temperature within the second battery pack; and
the preset temperature corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
8. The battery system of claim 6 , further comprising a system controller coupled to the first valve, the second valve, and to at least one temperature sensor within the second battery pack, wherein the system controller switches the first valve from the second position to the first position and switches the second valve to the second position when a temperature monitored by the at least one temperature sensor exceeds a preset temperature that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
9. The battery system of claim 6 , wherein:
the first valve switches from the second position to the first position at a preset pressure within the second battery pack;
the second valve switches to the second position at the preset pressure; and
the preset pressure corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.
10. The battery system of claim 6 , further comprising a system controller coupled to the first valve, the second valve, and to at least one pressure sensor within the second battery pack, wherein the system controller switches the first valve from the second position to the first position and switches the second valve to the second position when a pressure monitored by the at least one pressure sensor exceeds a preset pressure that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.
11. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second valve corresponding to the first air inlet of the first battery pack, the second valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein the second valve is configured to switch to the second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack;
a third valve corresponding to the second air inlet of the first battery pack, the third valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;
a first temperature sensor within the first battery pack;
a second temperature sensor within the second battery pack; and
a system controller coupled to the first valve, the second valve, the third valve, the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor, wherein the system controller switches the first valve from the second position to the first position and switches the second valve to the second position when a second battery pack temperature monitored by the second temperature sensor exceeds a first preset temperature that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway, wherein the system controller maintains the third valve in the second position when the second battery pack temperature monitored by the second temperature sensor exceeds the first preset temperature and the first battery pack temperature monitored by the first temperature sensor is less than a second preset temperature, and wherein the system controller maintains the third valve in the first position when the second battery pack temperature monitored by the second temperature sensor exceeds the first preset temperature and the first battery pack temperature monitored by the first temperature sensor exceeds the second preset temperature.
12. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second valve corresponding to the first air inlet of the first battery pack, the second valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein the second valve is configured to switch to the second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack;
a third valve corresponding to the second air inlet of the first battery pack, the third valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;
a first pressure sensor within the first battery pack and a second pressure sensor within the second battery pack; and
a system controller coupled to the first valve, the second valve, the third valve, the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor, wherein:
the system controller switches the first valve from the second position to the first position and switches the second valve to the second position when a second battery pack pressure monitored by the second pressure sensor exceeds a first preset pressure that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway;
the system controller maintains the third valve in the second position when the second battery pack pressure monitored by the second pressure sensor exceeds the first preset pressure and the first battery pack pressure monitored by the first pressure sensor is less than a second preset pressure; and
the system controller maintains the third valve in the first position when the second battery pack pressure monitored by the second pressure sensor exceeds the first preset pressure and the first battery pack pressure monitored by the first pressure sensor exceeds the second preset pressure.
13. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second valve corresponding to the first air inlet of the first battery pack, the second valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein the second valve is configured to switch to the second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack;
a third valve corresponding to the second air inlet of the first battery pack, the third valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;
a first temperature sensor within the first battery pack and a first pressure sensor within the second battery pack; and
a system controller coupled to the first valve, the second valve, the third valve, the first temperature sensor and the first pressure sensor, wherein the system controller:
switches the first valve from the second position to the first position and switches the second valve to the second position when a second battery pack pressure monitored by the first pressure sensor exceeds a first preset pressure that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway;
maintains the third valve in the second position when the second battery pack pressure monitored by the first pressure sensor exceeds the first preset pressure and the first battery pack temperature monitored by the first temperature sensor is less than a first preset temperature; and
maintains the third valve in the first position when the second battery pack pressure monitored by the first pressure sensor exceeds the first preset pressure and the first battery pack temperature monitored by the first temperature sensor exceeds the first preset temperature.
14. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the air passageway comprises a duct.
15. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the first battery pack is contained in a first housing and the second battery pack is contained in a second housing.
16. The battery system of claim 15 , wherein the air passageway couples the first housing to the second housing.
17. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first battery pack and the second battery pack reside within a common housing;
a barrier separates the first battery pack from the second battery pack;
the air passageway traverses the barrier.
18. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising a plenum configured to direct air flow through the plurality of metal-air cells.
19. The battery system of claim 1 , the second battery pack further comprising a high-pressure relief valve.
20. A battery system comprising:
an enclosure;
a barrier;
a first battery pack contained within the enclosure having a plurality of metal-air cells, a first air inlet, a second air inlet, and an air outlet;
a second battery pack contained within the enclosure having a plurality of non-metal-air cells and a hot gas outlet, the barrier isolating the first battery pack from the second battery pack;
an air passageway coupling the hot gas outlet of the second battery pack to the second air inlet of the first battery pack, the passageway extending through the barrier; and
a first valve configured to control air flow out of the hot gas outlet, through the air passageway, through the second air inlet, through at least a portion of the plurality of metal-air cells, and out of the air outlet, the first valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein during normal operation the first valve is in the second position, and wherein the first valve is configured to switch from the second position to the first position upon an occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack.
21. The battery system of claim 20 , wherein the first valve is configured to switch from the second position to the first position at a preset temperature within the second battery pack that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
22. The battery system of claim 20 , further comprising a system controller coupled to the first valve and to at least one temperature sensor within the second battery pack, wherein the system controller is configured to switch the first valve from the second position to the first position when a temperature monitored by the at least one temperature sensor exceeds a preset temperature that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
23. The battery system of claim 20 , wherein the first valve is configured to switch from the second position to the first position at a preset pressure within the second battery pack that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
24. The battery system of claim 20 , further comprising a system controller coupled to the first valve and to at least one pressure sensor within the second battery pack, wherein the system controller is configured to switch the first valve from the second position to the first position when a pressure monitored by the at least one pressure sensor exceeds a preset pressure that corresponds to at least one of the plurality of non-metal-air cells entering thermal runaway.
25. The battery system of claim 20 , further comprising a second valve corresponding to the first air inlet of the first battery pack, the second valve having a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, and wherein the second valve is configured to switch to the second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within the second battery pack.