Geosynthetic composite for filtration and drainage of fine-grained geomaterials
A geocomposite with a geonet and a geotextile. The geotextile has a nonwoven fabric layer and a woven fabric layer, with the nonwoven fabric connected by needle-punching to the woven fabric whereby fibers of the nonwoven fabric extend through and beyond the woven fabric, and the woven fabric and fibers of the nonwoven fabric extending through the woven fabric are bonded to one side of the geonet.
1. A geotechnical layer for use in a geotechnical project site, comprising:
(a) a geotextile for cross-plane filtering of fine particles from a fluid comprising:
a primary layer consisting of a first nonwoven fabric with opposite faces and adapted to initially filter fluid having fine particles, wherein said first nonwoven fabric has an apparent opening size (AOS) at least about 0.180 mm and a thickness greater than about 1.0 mm at 2 kPa normal load, and
a secondary layer consisting of a first woven fabric with opposite faces and adapted to secondarily filter particles not filtered from the fluid by the first nonwoven fabric of the primary layer,
wherein one of the opposite faces of said first nonwoven fabric is directly against one of the opposite faces of said first woven fabric, said first nonwoven fabric connected to said first woven fabric by needle punching whereby fibers of said first nonwoven fabric are punched into said first woven fabric to extend through said one opposite face of said first woven fabric, wherein said first woven fabric has about 2% to 20% open area and an AOS between about 0.074 mm and 0.841 mm,
wherein said first nonwoven fabric and first woven fabric when connected have an apparent opening size (AOS) less than about 0.106 mm and a combined permeability greater than 0.1 cm/sec; and
(b) a drainage medium for in-plane flow of the fluid directly against the other of the opposite faces of the first woven fabric, wherein the drainage medium is connected to the first woven fabric so as to thereby maintain the drainage medium against the other of the opposite faces of the first woven fabric.
2. The geotechnical layer of claim 1 wherein said geotechnical layer is a geocomposite and said drainage medium is a geonet.
3. The geotechnical layer of claim 1 , wherein said first woven fabric comprises woven high-modulus polymeric filaments.
4. The geotechnical layer of claim 3 , wherein said filaments are monofilaments.
5. The geotechnical layer of claim 3 , wherein said filaments are multifilament.
6. The geotechnical layer of claim 1 , wherein said first nonwoven fabric has a cross-plane water flow rate of greater than 3,000 liter/min/m 2 .
7. The geotechnical layer of claim 1 , wherein said first woven fabric has a cross-plane water flow rate between about 500 and 8,000 liter/min/m 2 .
8. A landfill comprising a substantially horizontal geotechnical layer between layers of fill to facilitate draining of fluid from at least one layer of fill, said geotechnical layer comprising:
(a) a geotextile for cross-plane filtering of fine particles from a fluid comprising:
a primary layer consisting of a first nonwoven fabric with opposite faces and adapted to initially filter fluid having fine particles, wherein said first nonwoven fabric has an apparent opening size (AOS) at least about 0.180 mm and a thickness greater than about 1.0 mm at 2 kPa normal load, and
a secondary layer consisting of a first woven fabric with opposite faces and adapted to secondarily filter particles not filtered from the fluid by the first nonwoven fabric of the primary layer,
wherein one of the opposite faces of said first nonwoven fabric is directly against one of the opposite faces of said first woven fabric, said first nonwoven fabric connected to said first woven fabric by needle punching whereby fibers of said first nonwoven fabric are punched into said first woven fabric to extend through said one opposite face of said first woven fabric, wherein said first woven fabric has about 2% to 20% open area and an AOS between about 0.074 mm and 0.841 mm,
wherein said first nonwoven fabric and first woven fabric when connected have an apparent opening size (AOS) less than about 0.106 mm and a combined permeability greater than 0.1 cm/sec; and
(b) a drainage medium for in-Diane flow of the fluid directly against the other of the opposite faces of the first woven fabric, wherein the drainage medium is connected to the first woven fabric so as to thereby maintain the drainage medium against the other of the opposite faces of the first woven fabric.
9. The landfill of claim 8 , wherein said geotextile is on one side of said drainage media and further comprising a second nonwoven fabric on the other side of said drainage media.
10. The landfill of claim 9 , wherein said geotextile is above said drainage media.
11. The landfill of claim 8 , wherein said at least one layer of fill is directly against said first nonwoven fabric.
12. A geotechnical project site, comprising a plurality of alternating layers of:
fill; and
substantially horizontal geotechnical layers, each of said geotechnical layers including
(a) a geotextile for cross-plane filtering of fine particles from a fluid comprising:
a primary layer consisting of a first nonwoven fabric with opposite faces and adapted to initially filter fluid having fine particles, wherein said first nonwoven fabric has an apparent opening size (AOS) at least about 0.180 mm and a thickness greater than about 1.0 mm at 2 kPa normal load, and
a secondary layer consisting of a first woven fabric with opposite faces and adapted to secondarily filter particles not filtered from the fluid by the first nonwoven fabric of the primary layer,
wherein one of the opposite faces of said first nonwoven fabric is directly against one of the opposite faces of said first woven fabric, said first nonwoven fabric connected to said first woven fabric by needle punching whereby fibers of said first nonwoven fabric are punched into said first woven fabric to extend through said one opposite face of said first woven fabric, wherein said first woven fabric has about 2% to 20% open area and an AOS between about 0.074 mm and 0.841 mm,
wherein said first nonwoven fabric and first woven fabric when connected have an apparent opening size (AOS) less than about 0.106 mm and a combined permeability greater than 0.1 cm/sec; and
(b) a drainage medium for in-plane flow of the fluid directly against the other of the opposite faces of the first woven fabric, wherein the drainage medium is connected to the first woven fabric so as to thereby maintain the drainage medium against the other of the opposite faces of the first woven fabric.
13. The geotechnical project site of claim 12 , wherein said geotextile is on one side of said drainage media and further comprising a second nonwoven fabric on the other side of said drainage media.
14. The geotechnical project site of claim 13 , wherein in each geotechnical layer said geotextile is above said drainage media and said second nonwoven fabric is beneath said drainage media.