HVAC system with free cooling optimization based on coolant flowrate
An HVAC system for a building includes a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from a chilled fluid circuit to a cooling tower circuit to provide cooling for a chilled fluid in the chilled fluid circuit, a cooling tower configured to remove heat from the cooling tower circuit to provide cooling for a coolant in the cooling tower circuit, one or more pumps configured to circulate the coolant between the cooling tower and the heat exchanger via the cooling tower circuit, and a free cooling controller. The controller is configured to determine an optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit, determine an optimal flowrate of air through the cooling tower, and operate the one or more pumps and the cooling tower to achieve the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and the optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower.
1. A heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building, the HVAC system comprising:
a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from a chilled fluid circuit to a cooling tower circuit at a first rate of heat transfer dependent upon a flowrate of a coolant in the cooling tower circuit to provide cooling for a chilled fluid in the chilled fluid circuit;
a cooling tower configured to remove heat from the cooling tower circuit at a second rate of heat transfer dependent upon a flowrate of air through the cooling tower to provide cooling for the coolant in the cooling tower circuit;
one or more pumps configured to circulate the coolant between the cooling tower and the heat exchanger via the cooling tower circuit; and
a free cooling controller configured to:
determine an optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit by minimizing a difference between the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and a cooling load setpoint;
determine an optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower by minimizing a difference between the second rate of heat transfer in the cooling tower and the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger; and
operate the one or more pumps and the cooling tower to achieve the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and the optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower.
2. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the free cooling controller is configured to:
estimate a power consumption of the one or more pumps required to achieve the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit;
estimate a power consumption of the cooling tower required to achieve the optimal flowrate of air through the cooling tower; and
estimate a total power consumption based on the power consumption of the one or more pumps and the power consumption of the cooling tower.
3. The HVAC system of claim 1 , further comprising an optimizer configured to provide the cooling load setpoint to the free cooling controller;
wherein the free cooling controller is configured to:
estimate a minimum power consumption required to achieve the cooling load setpoint based on the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and the optimal flowrate of air through the cooling tower; and
provide the estimated minimum power consumption to the optimizer.
4. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the free cooling controller is configured to determine the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit using an iterative numerical technique comprising at least one of successive substitution, a Newton-Raphson method, and a secant method.
5. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the free cooling controller is configured to determine the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit by iteratively adjusting the flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit until the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger equals a rate at which the chilled fluid circuit absorbs heat from the building.
6. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the free cooling controller is configured to determine the optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower by iteratively adjusting the flowrate of the air through the cooling tower until the second rate of heat transfer in the cooling tower equals the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger.
7. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the free cooling controller is configured to determine the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit by:
recursively substituting values for the flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit into a first equation that defines an effectiveness of the heat exchanger as a function of the flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit, evaluating the first equation to determine resulting values of the effectiveness, and substituting the resulting values of the effectiveness into a second equation that defines the flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit as a function of the effectiveness of the heat exchanger until the second equation is balanced.
8. The HVAC system of claim 1 , comprising a chiller coupled to the chilled fluid circuit and the cooling tower circuit and configured to transfer the heat from the chilled fluid circuit to the cooling tower circuit when the HVAC system operates in a mechanical cooling mode, wherein the heat exchanger comprises one or more components of the chiller.
9. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured to transfer the heat from the chilled fluid circuit to the cooling tower circuit when the HVAC system operates in a free cooling mode.
10. A method for providing free cooling to a building, the method comprising:
using one or more pumps to circulate a coolant between a heat exchanger and a cooling tower via a cooling tower circuit, wherein the coolant absorbs heat in the heat exchanger at a first rate of heat transfer dependent upon a flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and rejects heat in the cooling tower at a second rate of heat transfer dependent upon a flowrate of air through the cooling tower;
determining an optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit to achieve a cooling load setpoint by repeatedly adjusting the flowrate of the coolant to newly calculated values to reduce a difference between the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the cooling load setpoint;
determining an optimal flowrate of air through the cooling tower to balance heat transfer in the cooling tower circuit by repeatedly adjusting the flowrate of the air to newly calculated values to reduce a difference between the second rate of heat transfer in the cooling tower and the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger; and
operating the one or more pumps and the cooling tower to achieve the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and the optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein:
the difference is reduced by updating or adjusting a model of the flowrate and re-calculating the difference.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
estimating a power consumption of the one or more pumps required to achieve the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit;
estimating a power consumption of the cooling tower required to achieve the optimal flowrate of air through the cooling tower; and
estimating a total power consumption based on the power consumption of the one or more pumps and the power consumption of the cooling tower.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
receiving the cooling load setpoint from an optimizer;
estimating a minimum power consumption required to achieve the cooling load setpoint based on the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and the optimal flowrate of air through the cooling tower; and
providing the estimated minimum power consumption to the optimizer.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein determining the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit comprises using an iterative numerical technique comprising at least one of successive substitution, a Newton-Raphson method, and a secant method.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein determining the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit comprises iteratively adjusting the flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit until the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger equals the cooling load setpoint for the building.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein determining the optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower comprises iteratively adjusting the flowrate of the air through the cooling tower until the second rate of heat transfer in the cooling tower equals the first rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the heat exchanger comprises one or more components of a chiller coupled to a chilled fluid circuit and the cooling tower circuit and configured to transfer the heat from the chilled fluid circuit to the cooling tower circuit when the HVAC systems operates in a mechanical cooling mode.
18. A heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building, the HVAC system comprising:
a cooling tower configured to remove heat from a coolant in a cooling tower circuit at a rate of heat transfer dependent upon a flowrate of air through the cooling tower;
one or more pumps configured to circulate the coolant between the cooling tower and a cooling load via the cooling tower circuit, wherein the cooling tower circuit is configured to absorb heat from the cooling load at a rate dependent upon the flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit; and
a free cooling controller configured to:
determine an optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit by minimizing a difference between the rate at which the cooling tower circuit absorbs heat from the cooling load and a cooling load setpoint;
determine an optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower by reducing a difference between the rate of heat transfer in the cooling tower and the rate at which the cooling tower circuit absorbs heat from the cooling load; and
operate the one or more pumps and the cooling tower to achieve the optimal flowrate of the coolant in the cooling tower circuit and the optimal flowrate of the air through the cooling tower.
19. The HVAC system of claim 18 , comprising a chiller coupled to a chilled fluid circuit and the cooling tower circuit and configured to transfer heat from the chilled fluid circuit to the cooling tower circuit when the HVAC system operates in a mechanical cooling mode, wherein the cooling load comprises one or more components of the chiller.
20. The HVAC system of claim 18 , comprising a heat exchanger coupled to a chilled fluid circuit and the cooling tower circuit and configured to transfer heat from the chilled fluid circuit to the cooling tower circuit when the HVAC system operates in a free cooling mode, wherein the cooling load comprises the heat exchanger.