Immobilized selenium, a method of making, and uses of immobilized selenium in a rechargeable battery
An immobilized selenium body, made from carbon and selenium and optionally sulfur, makes selenium more stable, requiring a higher temperature or an increase in kinetic energy for selenium to escape from the immobilized selenium body and enter a gas system, as compared to selenium alone. Immobilized selenium localized in a carbon skeleton can be utilized in a rechargeable battery. Immobilization of the selenium can impart compression stress on both the carbon skeleton and the selenium. Such compression stress enhances the electrical conductivity in the carbon skeleton and among the selenium particles and creates an interface for electrons to be delivered and or harvested in use of the battery. A rechargeable battery made from immobilized selenium can be charged or discharged at a faster rate over conventional batteries and can demonstrate excellent cycling stability.
1. A method of preparing an immobilized selenium system or body comprising:
(a) mixing selenium and carbon to form a selenium-carbon mixture;
(b) heating the mixture of step (a) to a temperature above the melting temperature of selenium; and
(c) causing the heated mixture of step (b) to cool to ambient or room temperature, thereby forming the immobilized selenium system or body comprising selenium in a carbon skeleton body, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape the immobilized selenium system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the carbon skeleton includes Sp 2 carbon-carbon bonds that are under compression; and
the immobilized selenium of step (c) includes selenium-selenium bonds that are under compression.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (a) occurs under a dry or a wet condition.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (b) further includes homogenizing or blending the mixture.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
step (a) includes forming the selenium-carbon mixture into a body;
step (b) includes heating the body to a temperature above the melting temperature of selenium; and
step (c) includes causing the body to cool to ambient or room temperature.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (b) includes heating the mixture for a sufficient time for the selenium and carbon to fully or partially react.
7. A method of preparing an immobilized selenium system or body comprising:
(a) forming a carbon skeleton; and
(b) melting selenium into the carbon skeleton thereby forming the immobilized selenium system or body comprising the selenium in the carbon skeleton, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape the immobilized selenium system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
8. A method of forming an immobilized selenium system or body comprising:
(a) mixing selenium and carbon; and
(b) following step (a), causing the selenium to dissolve onto/into the carbon thereby forming the immobilized selenium system or body comprising the selenium in a carbon skeleton body, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape the immobilized selenium system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
a solvent for dissolving the selenium is an alcohol, an ether, an ester, a ketone, a hydrocarbon, a halogenated hydrocarbon, a nitrogen-containing compound, a phosphorus containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, or water; and
the solvent is added to the selenium or carbon prior to step (a), during step (a), or during step (b).
10. The method of claim 8 , further including:
(c) removing excess non-immobilized selenium from the immobilized selenium system or body.
11. A method of preparing an immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body comprising:
(a) mixing selenium, carbon, and sulfur to form a selenium-carbon-sulfur mixture;
(b) heating the mixture of step (a) to a temperature above the melting temperature of selenium; and
(c) causing the heated mixture of step (b) to cool to ambient or room temperature, thereby forming the immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body comprising the selenium and the sulfur in a carbon skeleton, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape said system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein step (a) occurs under a dry or wet condition.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein step (b) further includes homogenizing or blending the mixture.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein:
step (a) includes forming the selenium-carbon-sulfur mixture into a body;
step (b) includes heating the body to a temperature above the melting temperature of selenium; and
step (c) includes causing the body to cool to ambient or room temperature.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein step (b) includes heating the mixture for a sufficient time for the selenium and carbon and sulfur to fully or partially react.
16. A method of preparing an immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body comprising:
(a) forming a carbon skeleton; and
(b) melting selenium and sulfur into the carbon skeleton thereby forming the immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape said system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
17. A method of forming an immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body comprising:
(a) mixing selenium and carbon and sulfur; and
(b) following step (a), causing the selenium and sulfur to dissolve onto/into the carbon thereby forming the immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body, wherein an activation energy for a selenium particle to escape said system or body is ≥95 kJ/mole, wherein the immobilized selenium system or body has a mid-point weight-loss temperature ≥520° C.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein:
a solvent for dissolving the selenium and sulfur is an alcohol, an ether, an ester, a ketone, a hydrocarbon, a halogenated hydrocarbon, a nitrogen-containing compound, a phosphorus containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, or water; and
the solvent is added to one or more of the selenium, sulfur, or carbon prior to step (a), during step (a), or during step (b).
19. The method of claim 17 , further including:
(c) removing excess non-immobilized selenium, non-immobilized sulfur, or both from the immobilized sulfur-doped selenium system or body.