Active magnetic regenerative liquefier using process gas pre-cooling from bypass flow of heat transfer fluid

1. A process for liquefying a process gas comprising:

introducing a heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic or demagnetized field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized;

continuously diverting a bypass portion of the heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic or demagnetized field section into a bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold inlet temperature; and

continuously introducing the process gas into the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first hot inlet temperature and discharging the process gas or liquid from the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold exit temperature;

wherein the temperature difference between the bypass heat transfer first cold inlet temperature and the process gas first cold exit temperature is 1 to 5 K.

2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the temperature difference is 1 to 2 K.

3. The process of claim 1 , further comprising introducing a non-bypassed portion of the heat transfer fluid into the cold side of the magnetized bed in the high magnetic field section.

4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bypass portion constitutes 3 to 12% of the heat transfer fluid exiting the cold side of the low magnetic or demagnetized field section.

5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant operates at or below its Curie temperature throughout an entire active magnetic regeneration cycle.

6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant operates in a range from less than its Curie temperature to 32K below its Curie temperature throughout an entire active magnetic regeneration cycle.

7. The process of claim 1 , wherein sensible and/or latent heat of the process gas are entirely removed by the bypass flow heat exchanger.

8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process provides a figure of merit (FOM) of at least 0.6.

9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bypass flow heat exchanger includes at least one ortho H 2 to para H 2 catalyst.

10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant is selected from Gd, Gd 0.90 Y 0.10 , Gd 0.30 Tb 0.70 , Gd 0.69 Er 0.31 , Gd 0.02 Tb 0.98 , Gd 0.32 Dy 0.68 , Gd 0.66 Y 0.34 , Gd 0.39 Ho 0.61 , Gd 0.59 Y 0.41 , Gd 0.15 Dy 0.85 , Gd 0.42 Er 0.58 , Gd 0.27 Ho 0.73 , Gd 0.16 Ho 0.84 , Gd 0.34 Er 0.66 , Gd 0.23 Er 0.77 , or (Ho 0.80 Gd 0.20 )Co 2 .

11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant is a material with a second order phase transition.

12. A process for liquefying a process gas comprising:

introducing a heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic or demagnetized field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized;

continuously diverting a bypass portion of the heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic or demagnetized field section into a bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold inlet temperature; and

continuously introducing the process gas into the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first hot inlet temperature and discharging the process gas or liquid from the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold exit temperature;

wherein the magnetic refrigerant operates at or below its Curie temperature throughout an entire active magnetic regeneration cycle.

13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant operates in a range from less than its Curie temperature to 32K below its Curie temperature throughout the entire active magnetic regeneration cycle.

14. A process for liquefying a process gas comprising:

introducing a heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic or demagnetized field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized;

continuously diverting a bypass portion of the heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic or demagnetized field section into a bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold inlet temperature; and

continuously introducing the process gas into the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first hot inlet temperature and discharging the process gas or liquid from the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold exit temperature;

wherein sensible heat of the process gas is entirely removed by the bypass flow heat exchanger.