METHODS FOR TREATING VASCULAR LEAK SYNDROME

1 - 20 . (canceled)

21 . A method for reducing brain edema in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:

R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently:

i) hydrogen;

ii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched, or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkyl;

iii) substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched, or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkenyl;

iv) substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 linear or C 3 -C 6 branched alkynyl;

v) substituted or unsubstituted C 6 or C 10 aryl;

vi) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 9 heteroaryl;

vii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 9 heterocyclic; or

viii) R 2 and R 3 taken together form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms; wherein from 1 to 3 atoms are optionally oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur;

Z is a unit having the formula:

-(L) n -R 1

R 1 is:

i) hydrogen;

ii) hydroxyl;

iii) amino;

iv) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkyl;

v) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkoxy;

vi) substituted or unsubstituted C 6 or C 10 aryl;

vii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 9 heterocyclic; or

viii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 9 heteroaryl;

L is a linking unit having the formula:

-[Q] y [C(R 5a R 5b )] x [Q 1 ] z [C(R 6a R 6b )] w —

Q and Q 1 are each independently:

i) —C(O)—;

ii) —NH—;

iii) —C(O)NH—;

iv) —NHC(O)—;

v) —NHC(O)NH—;

vi) —NHC(O)O—;

vii) —C(O)O—;

viii) —C(O)NHC(O)—;

ix) —O—;

x) —S—;

xi) —SO 2 —;

xii) —C(═NH)—;

xiii) —C(═NH)NH—;

xiv) —NHC(═NH)—; or

xv) —NHC(═NH)NH—;

R 5a and R 5b are each independently:

i) hydrogen;

ii) hydroxy;

iii) halogen;

iv) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear or C 3 -C 6 branched alkyl; or

v) a unit having the formula:

—[C(R 7a R 7b )] t R 8

R 7a and R 7b are each independently:

i) hydrogen; or

ii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched, or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkyl;

R 8 is:

i) hydrogen;

ii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched, or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkyl;

iii) substituted or unsubstituted C 6 or C 10 aryl;

iv) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 9 heteroaryl; or

v) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 9 heterocyclic;

R 6a and R 6b are each independently:

i) hydrogen; or

ii) C 1 -C 4 linear or C 3 -C 4 branched alkyl;

the index n is 0 or 1; the indices t, w and x are each independently from 0 to 4; the indices y and z are each independently 0 or 1; or

a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the subject has an inflammatory disease.

23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the inflammatory disease is lupus.

24 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the inflammatory disease is sepsis.

25 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the subject is undergoing a treatment for a cancer.

26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein the cancer is medulloblastoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, or glioblastoma.

27 . The method of claim 25 , wherein the cancer is glioblastoma.

28 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the subject is infected with a pathogen.

29 . The method of claim 28 , wherein the pathogen is bacteria, viruses, yeasts, fungi, or protozoa.

30 . The method of claim 21 , wherein R has the formula:

31 . The method of claim 30 , wherein R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched, or C 3 -C 6 cyclic alkyl.

32 . The method of claim 30 , wherein R 2 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl; and R 3 is hydrogen.

33 . The method of claim 21 , wherein R has the formula:

34 . The method of claim 33 , wherein R 4 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 linear, C 3 -C 6 branched, or C 3 -C 6 alkyl.

35 . The method of claim 33 , wherein R 4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

36 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the compound is:

or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

37 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the compound is:

or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

38 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the compound is:

or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

39 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the compound is:

or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

40 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the compound is a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt having a cation that is ammonium, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bismuth, or lysine.