Partly immobilized ionic liquid electrolyte additives for lithium ion batteries
Electrolytes, anodes, lithium ion cells and methods are provided for preventing lithium metallization in lithium ion batteries to enhance their safety. Electrolytes comprise up to 20% ionic liquid additives which form a mobile solid electrolyte interface during charging of the cell and prevent lithium metallization and electrolyte decomposition on the anode while maintaining the lithium ion mobility at a level which enables fast charging of the batteries. Anodes are typically metalloid-based, for example include silicon, germanium, tin and/or aluminum. A surface layer on the anode bonds, at least some of the ionic liquid additive to form an immobilized layer that provides further protection at the interface between the anode and the electrolyte, prevents metallization of lithium on the former and decomposition of the latter.
1. A lithium ion cell comprising
at least one anode comprising at least one of: Si, Ge, Sn and LTO anode material particles,
at least one cathode,
a liquid carbonate-based electrolyte, and
an additive to the electrolyte, which is at most 5% by volume of the electrolyte, the additive comprising an ionic liquid consisting of sulfonylimide-derived anions and piperidinium-derived cations and is liquid at room temperature or below,
wherein the at least one anode is made of surface-coated anode material particles having surface layers of bonding molecules around the particles, which are attached to the anode material particles prior to using the surface-coated anode material particles for a formation of the at least one anode,
wherein the bonding molecules have a width W, anchored in the anode active material particles, of up to three benzene rings and a length L, protruding into the electrolyte, of up to four benzene rings, wherein the bonding molecules are configured to bond at least a portion of the piperidinium-derived cations upon charging of the lithium ion cell, and wherein the bonding molecules are selected from the group consisting of lithium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, lithium 3,5-dicarboxybenzenesulfonate, lithium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate, lithium 2,6-dimethylbenzene-1,4-disulfonate, lithium 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-disulfonate, lithium aniline sulfonate, and combinations thereof, wherein the bonding molecules are bonded to the anode material particles at a sulfonate group thereof.