Heater element having targeted decreasing temperature resistance characteristics

1. A heater comprising: at least one resistive heating element comprising a material having a non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile with a local maximum, a local minimum, and exhibiting a negative dR/dT characteristic over a predetermined operating temperature range along the non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile;

wherein the at least one resistive heating element is arranged in a circuit;

wherein the circuit further comprises at least a second resistive heating element comprising a material having a positive dR/dT characteristic positioned at a location in the circuit where at least one of a lower temperature and a lower power density occurs when compared to an average temperature profile.

2. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the material comprises a composite ceramic and metal material having a negative dR/dT characteristic over the predetermined operating temperature range.

3. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the at least one resistive heating element includes at least one of a ductile wire, foil, strip, and combinations thereof, and wherein the material includes an instantaneous negative thermal coefficient of resistance greater than −175 ppm/° C. over a predefined range.

4. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the negative dR/dT characteristic is used at a temperature below 530° C.

5. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the negative dR/dT characteristic is used at a temperature above 850° C.

6. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the negative dR/dT characteristic occurs at a predetermined operational condition wherein a local maximum change of resistivity relative to temperature is at least 2.3% higher than a local minimum.

7. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the circuit defines an expected temperature profile across the circuit during operation and the at least one resistive heating element is positioned at a location in the circuit where a higher temperature is predicted compared to the expected temperature profile.

8. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one resistive heating element comprising the material having the negative dR/dT characteristic is positioned at a location in the circuit where at least one of a higher temperature is predicted and a higher power density occurs compared to an expected temperature profile.

9. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the negative dR/dT material is applied by a layering process selected from the group consisting of thick film, thin film, plasma spraying and solgel.

10. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the circuit includes a plurality of resistive heating elements comprising a material having a negative dR/dT characteristic and a plurality of resistive heating elements comprising a material having a positive dR/dT characteristic, wherein the negative dR/dT resistive heating elements and the positive dR/dT resistive heating elements are arranged in the circuit according to predetermined positions corresponding to at least one of higher power density locations, lower power density locations, higher temperature locations, and lower temperature locations, respectively.

11. The heater according to claim 1 , wherein the negative dR/dT resistive heating elements and the positive dR/dT resistive heating elements are positioned in multiple layers relative to each other.

12. A heater comprising:

at least one resistive heating element comprising a material having a non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile with a local maximum, a local minimum, and exhibiting a negative dR/dT characteristic over a predetermined operating temperature range along the non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile; and

multiple heater layers having a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer defines a plurality of zones of temperature control and the second layer defines fewer zones of temperature control with respect to the first layer, and wherein the second layer includes a higher heat generation per unit of surface area than the first layer and at least one negative dR/dT resistive heating element,

wherein the at least one negative dR/dT resistive heating element and the multiple heater layers enable at least one of two-wire control and temperature control using heater resistance as a temperature feedback signal.

13. The heater according to claim 12 , wherein at least one of the first layer and the second layer is pixelated.

14. The heater according to claim 13 , wherein the first layer includes at least one positive dR/dT resistive heating element.

15. A heater system for heating a fluid comprising:

a plurality of circuits arranged in a series within a flow path of the fluid,

wherein at least one circuit of the plurality of circuits comprises a resistive heating element including a material having a non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile with a local maximum, a local minimum and exhibiting a negative dR/dT characteristic over a predetermined operating temperature range along the non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile; and

wherein at least a second circuit of the plurality of circuits comprises a resistive heating element including a material having a positive dR/dT characteristic, and wherein the second circuit is adapted to allow for measurements of temperature across the circuit.

16. The heater system according to claim 15 , wherein the first circuit and the second circuit are positioned relative to each other in the series and adapted to reduce formation of hot spots as compared to a series of circuits without a circuit having a negative dR/dT resistive heating element.