Controlling meniscus position for magnetohydrodynamic metal manufacturing
Devices, systems, and methods are directed to applying magnetohydrodynamic forces to liquid metal to eject liquid metal along a controlled pattern, such as a controlled three-dimensional pattern as part of additive manufacturing of an object. Electric current delivered to a meniscus of the liquid metal in a quiescent state can be directed to exert a pullback force on the liquid metal. The pullback force can be sufficient to draw the liquid metal, in the quiescent state, in a direction toward the nozzle to reduce the likelihood of unintended wetting of surfaces of the nozzle between uses of the nozzle.
1. A method of additive manufacturing comprising:
providing a liquid metal in a fluid chamber at least partially defined by a housing, the fluid chamber having an inlet region and a discharge region, wherein the liquid metal is one of aluminum and an aluminum alloy;
directing a magnetic field through the housing; and
moving the housing relative to a build plate and depositing a plurality of successive layers of droplets to form a three-dimensional object, wherein each droplet is ejected from the housing by the steps of:
delivering a first electric current into the liquid metal in the housing in a quiescent state, the first electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to exert a pullback force on the liquid metal, the pullback force sufficient to draw the liquid metal, in the quiescent state, in a direction from the discharge region toward the inlet region while a meniscus of the liquid metal remains attached to the discharge region,
following the step of delivering the first electric current, delivering a second electric current into the liquid metal, the second electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to exert a firing force on the liquid metal sufficient to eject liquid metal from the discharge region,
wherein the delivery of the first electric current improves an accuracy of the liquid metal ejected by the second electric current; and
following the step of delivering the second electric current, delivering a third electric current into the liquid metal, the third electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to facilitate clean separation of the ejected liquid metal.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising moving the discharge region along a controlled pattern.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the controlled pattern is a controlled three-dimensional pattern.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the second electric current is selectively delivered into the liquid current along less than the entirety of the controlled pattern.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second electric current includes a pulsed electric current, the pulsed electric current ejecting liquid metal droplets from the discharge region.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second electric current is variable between a pulsed electric current and a direct electric current.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein selectively delivering the second electric current into the liquid metal includes directing the second electric current into the liquid metal between electrodes defining a firing chamber within the fluid chamber between the inlet region and the discharge region.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein delivering the first electric current into the liquid metal includes directing the first electric current into the liquid metal between the electrodes.
9. An additive manufacturing system comprising:
a nozzle including a housing, a magnet, and electrodes, the housing defining a fluid chamber having an inlet region and a discharge region, the magnet disposed relative to the housing with a magnetic field of the magnet extending through the fluid chamber, and the electrodes defining at least a portion of a firing chamber within the fluid chamber between the inlet region and the discharge region, the electrodes positioned relative to the magnet such that electric current from the electrodes intersects the magnetic field in the firing chamber;
an electrical power source in electrical communication with the electrodes; and
a controller in electrical communication with the electrical power source, the controller configured to cause the nozzle to be moved relative to a build plate and deposit a plurality of successive layers of droplets of aluminum or an aluminum alloy to form a three-dimensional object, wherein each droplet is ejected from the housing by:
delivering a first electric current into a liquid metal in the housing in a quiescent state, the first electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to exert a pullback force on the liquid metal, the pullback force sufficient to draw the liquid metal, in the quiescent state, in a direction from the discharge region toward the inlet region while a meniscus of the liquid metal remains attached to the discharge region, and
following the delivery the first electric current, delivering a second electric current from the electrodes into the liquid metal in the firing chamber, the second electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to exert a firing force on the liquid metal sufficient to eject liquid metal from the discharge region,
wherein the delivery of the first electric current improves an accuracy of the liquid metal ejected by the second electric current; and
following the step of delivering the second electric current, delivering a third electric current into the liquid metal, the third electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to facilitate clean separation of the ejected liquid metal.
10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a robotic system mechanically coupled to the nozzle and movable to position the discharge region of the nozzle, wherein the controller is further configured to move the robotic system to position the discharge region along a controlled pattern.