Lead-tellurium inorganic reaction systems
The invention provides an electroconductive paste comprising metallic particles, an inorganic reaction system, and an organic vehicle. The inorganic reaction system includes a lead-tellurium-magnesium composition of Formula (II): Pb a —Te b —(Mg w —Ca x —Sr y —Ba z )-M d -Oe, wherein 0<a, b, or d≤1, 0≤w, x, y, z≤1, w+x+y+z=c, at least one of w, x, y and z is greater than zero, the sum of a, b, c and d is 1, 0<c≤0.2, 0≤d≤0.5, a:b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, (a+c+d):b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, M is one or more elements, and e is a number sufficient to balance the Pb, Te, Mg—Ca—Sr—Ba and M components.
1. An electroconductive paste comprising:
metallic particles;
an inorganic reaction system comprising a lead-tellurium-magnesium composition of Formula (II):
Pb a —Te b —(Mg w —Ca x —Sr y —Ba z )-M d -O e,
wherein
0<a, b, or d≤1,
0≤w, x, y, z≤1,
w+x+y+z=c,
at least one of w, x, y and z is greater than zero,
the sum of a, b, c and d is 1,
0<c≤0.2,
0≤d≤0.5,
a:b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10,
(a+c+d):b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10,
M is one or more elements, and
e is a number sufficient to balance the Pb, Te, Mg—Ca—Sr—Ba and M components; and
an organic vehicle.
2. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein d is 0≤d≤0.4.
3. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein a:b is between about 20:80 and about 80:20.
4. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein 0<c≤0.1.
5. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic reaction system is formed from at least about 5 wt % of a lead-containing compound, and no more than about 45 wt % of the lead-containing compound, based upon 100% total weight of the inorganic reaction system.
6. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic reaction system is formed from at least about 20 wt % of a tellurium-containing compound, and no more than about 70 wt % of the tellurium-containing compound, based upon 100% total weight of the inorganic reaction system.
7. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic reaction system is formed from no more than about 15 wt % of a zinc-containing compound, a magnesium-containing compound, or both, based upon 100% total weight of the inorganic reaction system.
8. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, phosphorus, antimony, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, silver, halides, chalcogenides, alkaline metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth metals.
9. The electroconductive paste according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic reaction system further comprises bismuth.
10. The electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 , wherein the paste composition comprises at least about 50 wt % of metallic particles, and no more than about 95 wt % of metallic particles, based upon 100% total weight of the paste.
11. The electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic particles are selected from the group consisting of silver, aluminum, gold, copper, nickel, and alloys or mixtures thereof.
12. The electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 , wherein the paste composition comprises at least about 0.1 wt % of the inorganic reaction system, and no more than about 10 wt % of the inorganic reaction system, based upon 100% total weight of the paste.
13. The electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 , wherein the paste composition comprises at least about 0.01 wt % of the organic vehicle, and no more than about 50 wt % of the organic vehicle, based upon 100% total weight of the paste.
14. The electroconductive paste composition according to claim 1 , wherein the organic vehicle comprises an organic solvent and one or more of a binder, surfactant, and thixotropic agent, or any combination thereof.
15. A solar cell produced by applying the electroconductive paste according to claim 1 to a silicon wafer and firing the silicon wafer.
16. The solar cell according to claim 15 , wherein the electroconductive paste is applied to an antireflective coating on a surface of the silicon wafer.
17. A solar cell module comprising electrically interconnected solar cells according to claim 15 .
18. A method of producing a solar cell, comprising the steps of:
providing a silicon wafer having a front side and a backside;
applying the electroconductive paste of claim 1 to the silicon wafer; and
firing the silicon wafer.
19. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 18 , wherein the electroconductive paste is applied to the front side of the silicon wafer.