Passive reactivity control of nuclear thermal propulsion reactors
Passive reactivity control technologies that enable reactivity control of a nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) system with little to no active mechanical movement of circumferential control drums. By minimizing or eliminating the need for mechanical movement of the circumferential control drums during an NTP burn, the reactivity control technologies simplify controlling an NTP reactor and increase the overall performance of the NTP system. The reactivity control technologies mitigate and counteract the effects of xenon, the dominant fission product contributing to reactivity transients. Examples of reactivity control technologies include, employing burnable neutron poisons, tuning hydrogen pressure, adjusting wait time between burn cycles or merging burn cycles, and enhancement of temperature feedback mechanisms. The reactivity control technologies are applicable to low-enriched uranium NTP systems, including graphite composite fueled and tungsten ceramic and metal matrix (CERMET), or any moderated NTP system, such as highly-enriched uranium graphite composite NTP systems.
1. A nuclear thermal propulsion system comprising:
a nuclear reactor core including:
an array of fuel elements;
an array of tie tubes adjacent the array of fuel elements, each tie tube including:
a propellant supply passage to flow a propellant;
an inner tie tube layer surrounding the propellant supply passage;
a moderator sleeve surrounding the inner tie tube layer;
a propellant return passage surrounding the moderator sleeve; and
an outer tie tube layer surrounding the propellant return passage; and
a burnable poison dispersed in the nuclear reactor core, wherein:
the burnable poison includes Gadolinium (Gd),
the Gd is dispersed in an alloy that forms the outer tie tube layer, and
the Gd dispersed in the outer tie tube layer alloy is in a quantity of 10 parts per million (ppm) to 70 ppm.
2. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein:
the propellant is hydrogen.
3. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 2 , wherein:
the array of fuel elements includes a graphite composite fuel formed of low-enriched uranium (LEU) having 20% or lower 235 U; and
the moderator sleeve includes a solid hydride.
4. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 2 , wherein:
the array of fuel elements includes a tungsten ceramic and metal matrix (CERMET) fuel formed of low-enriched uranium (LEU) having 20% or lower 235 U, and
the moderator sleeve includes a solid hydride.
5. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 2 , wherein each tie tube further comprises:
an inner gap between the inner tie tube layer and the moderator sleeve;
a graphite insulation layer surrounding the outer tie tube layer;
a medial gap between the outer tie tube layer and the graphite insulation layer;
an outer gap surrounding the graphite insulation layer;
a graphite sleeve surrounding the outer gap; and
a coating formed of zirconium carbide or niobium carbide surrounding the graphite sleeve.
6. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 5 , wherein the graphite insulation layer includes zirconium carbide (ZrC), titanium carbide, silicon carbide, tantalum carbide, hafnium carbide, ZrC—ZrB 2 composite, or ZrC—ZrB 2 —SiC composite.
7. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 2 , wherein:
the propellant supply passage, the inner tie tube layer, the moderator sleeve, the propellant return passage, and the outer tie tube layer are radially arranged; and
a respective radial wall thickness of the outer tie tube layer is less than the inner tie tube layer.
8. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 7 , wherein the array of fuel elements are interspersed with the array of tie tubes and each of the tie tubes is in direct or indirect contact with at least one fuel element.
9. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 7 , further comprising:
a plurality of circumferential control drums surrounding the array of fuel elements and the array of tie tubes to change reactivity of the nuclear reactor core.
10. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the Gd in the outer tie tube layer alloy is enriched in 157 Gd isotope.
11. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 10 , wherein the outer tie tube layer alloy further includes nickel, chromium, and iron.
12. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 11 , wherein the outer tie tube layer alloy further includes molybdenum, niobium, cobalt, manganese, copper, aluminum, titanium, silicon, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and boron.
13. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 10 , wherein the outer tie tube layer alloy is also formed of zirconium or zirconium carbide.