Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
Frangible firearm projectiles, firearm cartridges containing the same, and methods for forming the same. The firearm projectiles are formed from a compacted mixture of metal powders that includes zinc and iron powders and which may include an anti-sparking agent. The compacted mixture is heat treated for a time sufficient to form a plurality of discrete alloy domains within the compacted mixture. The frangible firearm projectile may be formed by a mechanism that includes vapor-phase diffusion bonding and oxidation of the metal powders and that does not include forming a liquid phase of any of the metal powders or utilizing a polymeric binder. A majority component of the frangible firearm projectile may be iron. One or more of zinc, bismuth, tin, copper, nickel, tungsten, boron, and/or alloys thereof may form a minority component of the frangible firearm projectile. The anti-sparking agent may include a borate, such as boric acid.
1. A frangible firearm projectile, comprising:
a frangible projectile body comprising a compacted mixture of metal powders that forms at least 90 wt % of the frangible projectile body;
wherein the compacted mixture of metal powders includes iron powder and zinc powder;
wherein the frangible firearm projectile includes a plurality of discrete alloy domains of the iron powder and the zinc powder; and
wherein the metal powders in the compacted mixture of metal powders are bound together in the frangible projectile body by chemical bonds that include chemical bonds resulting from oxidation bonding of at least one of the iron powder and the zinc powder, and chemical bonds resulting from vapor-phase diffusion bonding of the zinc powder into the iron powder to form the plurality of discrete alloy domains.
2. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the vapor-phase diffusion bonding includes vapor-phase galvanization of the iron powder.
3. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the compacted mixture of metal powders includes 80-90 wt % iron powder and 10-20 wt % zinc powder.
4. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the frangible firearm projectile body is free from melted metal powder and does not include a polymeric binder, and further wherein the chemical bonds do not result from liquid-phase sintering of the zinc powder and the iron powder.
5. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the frangible firearm projectile has a weight and is configured to break entirely into small particulate when fired at a metal surface at close range from a firearm cartridge, and wherein the small particulate has a maximum particle weight of 5% of the weight of the frangible firearm projectile.
6. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the frangible firearm projectile includes an anti-sparking agent configured to reduce a propensity for the frangible firearm projectile to produce sparks upon striking a target after being fired.
7. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 6 , wherein the anti-sparking agent includes at least one of boric acid, borax, and a borate.
8. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 6 , wherein the anti-sparking agent forms at least a portion of a coating on an exterior of the frangible projectile body.
9. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 7 , wherein the anti-sparking agent is interspersed within an interior of the frangible projectile body.
10. A firearm cartridge, comprising:
a casing that defines an internal volume;
a propellant disposed in the internal volume;
a primer disposed in the internal volume and configured to ignite the propellant; and
the frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 at least partially received in the casing.
11. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the compacted mixture of metal powders includes iron powder as a majority component, by weight, and further wherein the compacted mixture of metal powders further includes at least 5 wt % zinc powder.
12. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the compacted mixture of metal powders further includes metal powder of at least one of copper, tungsten, bismuth, nickel, tin, boron, and alloys thereof.
13. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the compacted mixture of metal powders further includes copper powder.
14. The frangible firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the frangible firearm projectile has a density of at least 6.5 grams per cubic centimeter.