Compliant sensors for force sensing

1. A system comprising:

a first force sensing region of footwear, wherein the first force sensing region comprises a first array of force sensor units at least partially embedded in the footwear, the first array of force sensor units comprising:

a plurality of compliant capacitors disposed in a first plane, wherein the plurality of compliant capacitors each comprise a compliant dielectric layer disposed parallel to the first plane and between a first electrode and a second electrode; and

a plurality of strain transformation structures coupled to the plurality of compliant capacitors, each of the plurality of strain transformation structures comprising:

a first transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the first electrode of at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors; and

a second transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the second electrode of the at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors, wherein a compressive force perpendicular to the first plane applied to the coupled strain transformation structure by a human foot induces a substantially linear change in a capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitors, and wherein the change in capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitors is indicative of the compressive force applied by the human foot to the first force sensing region of the footwear;

a second force sensing region of the footwear, spatially distinct from the first force sensing region, wherein the second force sensing region comprises a second array of force sensor units at least partially embedded in the footwear, the second array of force sensor units comprising:

a plurality of compliant capacitors disposed in the first plane, wherein the plurality of compliant capacitors each comprise a compliant dielectric layer disposed parallel to the first plane and between a first electrode and a second electrode; and

a plurality of strain transformation structures coupled to the plurality of compliant capacitors, each of the plurality of strain transformation structures comprising:

a first transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the first electrode of at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors; and

a second transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the second electrode of the at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors, wherein a compressive force perpendicular to the first plane applied to the coupled strain transformation structure by a human foot induces a substantially linear change in a capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitors, and wherein the change in capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitors is indicative of the compressive force applied by the human foot to the second force sensing region of the footwear;

a volume reduction structure that at least partially surrounds the plurality of strain transformation structures; and

a reinforcement structure to at least partially surround the first force sensing region.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first force sensing region is at least partially embedded in an insole of the footwear.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of compliant capacitors in the first array of force sensing units are electrically connected in parallel.

4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a third force sensing region of the footwear, spatially distinct from the first force sensing region and the second force sensing region, wherein the third force sensing region comprises a third array of force sensor units at least partially embedded in the footwear, the third array of force sensor units comprising:

a plurality of compliant capacitors disposed in the first plane, wherein the plurality of compliant capacitors each comprise a compliant dielectric layer disposed parallel to the first plane and between a first electrode and a second electrode; and

a plurality of strain transformation structures coupled to the plurality of compliant capacitors, each of the plurality of strain transformation structures comprising:

a first transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the first electrode of at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors; and

a second transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the second electrode of the at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors, wherein a compressive force perpendicular to the first plane applied to the coupled strain transformation structure by a human foot induces a substantially linear change in a capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitors, and wherein the change in capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitors is indicative of the compressive force applied by the human foot to the third force sensing region of the footwear.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first force sensing region and the second force sensing region are offset and reflected about a center axis in opposite directions, wherein the center axis is parallel to the first plane.

6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:

a capacitance measuring circuit coupled to the first force sensing region of the footwear, wherein the capacitance measuring circuit to generate data indicative of the capacitance associated with the first force sensor unit;

a transceiver coupled to the capacitance measuring circuit; and

an antenna coupled to the transceiver to transmit to a user device the data indicative of the capacitance associated with the first force sensor unit.

7. An apparatus, comprising:

a first array of force sensor units comprising:

a plurality of compliant capacitors disposed in a first plane, wherein the plurality of compliant capacitors each comprise a compliant dielectric layer disposed parallel to the first plane and between a first electrode and a second electrode; and

a plurality of strain transformation structures coupled to the plurality of compliant capacitors, each of the plurality of strain transformation structures comprising:

a first transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the first electrode of at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors;

a second transformation element coupled to an outer surface of the second electrode of the at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors, wherein a compressive force perpendicular to the first plane and applied to the coupled strain transformation structure induces a substantially linear change in a capacitance of the coupled compliant capacitor; and

a volume reduction structure that at least partially surrounds the plurality of strain transformation structures.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the compressive force perpendicular to the first plane and applied to the coupled strain transformation structure induces a deformation of a surface of the coupled strain transformation structure that is parallel to the first plane, wherein the deformation of the coupled strain transformation structure is substantially linear to the compressive force and induces a substantially linear change in area of the coupled compliant capacitor.

9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein a volume of the volume reduction structure is configured to decrease responsive to a lateral deformation of at least one of the plurality of strain transformation structures that is parallel to the first plane.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the volume reduction structure is a compressible material.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising a reinforcement structure coupled to the first array of force sensor units, wherein the reinforcement structure is configured to provide rigidity to the first array of force sensor units.

12. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the plurality of compliant capacitors of the first array of force sensor units further comprises a third electrode disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the third electrode is disposed parallel to the first plane, and wherein at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode is to couple to a ground voltage potential.

13. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first transformation element and the second transformation element are an incompressible material.

14. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first transformation element and the second transformation element are a same material.

15. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first transformation element and the second transformation element are a same geometric shape.

16. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first transformation element and the second transformation element are aligned along an axis perpendicular to the first plane.

17. The apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising a second array of force sensor units, wherein the first array of force sensor units and the second array of force sensor units are coupled in parallel.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the first array of force sensor units and the second array of force sensor units are offset and reflected about a center axis in opposite directions, wherein the center axis is parallel the first plane.