LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY INCLUDING AN ADDITIVE
A lithium secondary battery including a cathode; an anode; and an electrolyte disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode includes a cathode active material represented by Formula 1, the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous solvent; and a disilane compound represented by Formula 2, and wherein an amount of the disilane compound is about 5 percent by weight (wt %) or less, based on the total weight of the electrolyte: wherein, in Formula 1 and 2, 0.95≤x≤1.2, 0.7≤y≤0.95, and 0≤z<0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, or a combination thereof; and A is at least one anion having an oxidation number of −1 or −2.
1 . A lithium secondary battery comprising:
a cathode;
an anode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the cathode and the anode,
wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material represented by Formula 1,
wherein the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous solvent, and a disilane compound represented by Formula 2, and
wherein an amount of the disilane compound is about 8 percent by weight or less, based on a total weight of the electrolyte,
wherein, in Formulae 1 and 2,
0.95≤x≤1.2, 0.7≤y≤0.95, and 0≤z≤0.2,
M is aluminum, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, or a combination thereof; and
A is at least one anion having an oxidation number of −1 or −2, and
R 1 to R 6 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C 1 -C 30 alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60 aryl group,
wherein a substituent of the substituted C 1 -C 30 alkyl group or C 6 -C 60 aryl group, if present, is a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a t-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a vinyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, or a combination thereof.
2 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the disilane compound is in a range of about 0.1 percent by weight to about 3 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
3 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein R 1 to R 6 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 30 aryl group, or a combination thereof.
4 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the disilane compound is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, or a combination thereof:
5 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the lithium salt is lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi, or a combination thereof.
6 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 5 , wherein the lithium salt comprises lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate and LiPF 6 , and an amount of the lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate is about 2 percent by weight or less, based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
7 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a phosphorus-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, or a combination thereof in an amount of about 2 percent by weight or less, based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
8 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 7 ,
wherein the phosphorus-containing compound is a phosphine compound, a phosphate compound, a phosphite compound, or a combination thereof, and
wherein the sulfur-containing compound is a disulfonate compound.
9 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the non-aqueous solvent comprises fluoro-ethylene carbonate.
10 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 9 , wherein an amount of the fluoro-ethylene carbonate is about 7 percent by volume or less, based on a total volume of the non-aqueous solvent.
11 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, or a combination thereof in an amount less than about 2 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
12 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 11 , further comprising the vinylene carbonate, maleic anhydride, or a combination thereof in an amount less than about 2 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
13 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein, in Formula 1, 0.8≤y≤0.95.
14 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode active material is represented by Formula 3 or Formula 4:
Li x Ni y′ Co 1-y′-z′ Al z′ O 2 , or Formula 3
Li x Ni y′ Co 1-y′-z′ Mn z′ O 2 , Formula 4
wherein, in Formulae 3 and 4, 0.9≤x′≤1.2, 0.85≤y′≤0.95, 0<z′<0.1, and 0<1-y′-z′<0.2.
15 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises Li 1.02 Ni 0.85 Co 0.1 Mn 0.05 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.88 Co 0.08 Mn 0.04 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.88 Co 0.08 Al 0.04 O 2 , or a combination thereof.
16 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises
an anode active material comprising a metal alloyable with lithium, or
a carbonaceous anode active material.
17 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 16 , wherein the anode active material comprising the metal alloyable with lithium comprises silicon, a silicon-carbon composite material comprising Si particles, a compound of the formula SiO a′ wherein 0<a′<2, or a combination thereof.
18 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 16 , wherein the carbonaceous anode active material comprises graphite.
19 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein a direct current internal resistance increasing rate after 200 charging/discharging cycles at a temperature of about 450C is less than about 140%.
20 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein a cell energy density is about 500 watt-hours per liter or greater.