Cooling tower with direct and indirect heat exchanger
An improved heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section enclosed in a housing and a direct evaporative heat exchange section both of which are located within the same apparatus. An internal fluid stream is passed through the internal passageways of the indirect heat exchange section. An evaporative liquid is passed across the outside of the external passageways of the indirect heat exchange section to exchange heat indirectly with the internal fluid stream. The evaporative liquid that exits the indirect evaporative heat exchange section housing then passes onto and through the direct heat exchange section. The evaporative liquid exiting the direct heat exchange section is collected in a sump and then pumped upwardly to be distributed again through the indirect heat exchange section housing. The indirect heat exchange section may be comprised of a plate type heat exchanger or a circuit tube type heat exchanger located within a housing. The indirect heat exchange housing may be in direct contact with the air moving through the direct heat exchange section, be in direct contact with the cool evaporative liquid, or both, to enhance the heat transfer from the indirect heat exchange section. Air may be pumped along with the evaporative liquid through the indirect heat exchange section to agitate and increase the velocity of evaporative fluid flowing through the indirect heat exchanger. Air may also be pumped into and through the indirect eat exchange section housing when the evaporative fluid pump is off during a dry mode of operation.
1. A method of exchanging heat comprising the steps of:
providing a structure containing a direct evaporative heat exchange section, an indirect heat exchange section, and an evaporative liquid distribution assembly, the indirect heat exchange section having a housing with an evaporative liquid inlet and an evaporative liquid outlet, the indirect heat exchange section including an indirect heat exchanger in the housing, the indirect heat exchanger having a plurality of internal passageways configured to conduct an internal fluid stream, the evaporative liquid distribution assembly including a conduit connected to the evaporative liquid outlet of the housing, the direct heat exchange section comprising an air inlet and an air outlet,
directing an evaporative liquid into the housing of the indirect heat exchange section via the evaporative liquid inlet, through a plurality of external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger, and exiting from the evaporative liquid outlet of the housing, wherein indirect heat exchange occurs between the internal fluid stream in the internal passageways of the indirect heat exchanger and the evaporative liquid in the external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger,
directing the evaporative liquid from the evaporative liquid outlet of the housing to the conduit of the evaporative liquid distribution assembly;
distributing the evaporative liquid onto and through the direct heat exchange section from the evaporative liquid distribution assembly, the evaporative liquid distribution assembly being downstream from the indirect heat exchange section in the direction of flow of the evaporative liquid,
operating a fan assembly to move air in the structure including moving air between the air inlet and the air outlet of the direct heat exchange section, the air moving through the direct heat exchange section directly exchanging heat with the evaporative liquid moving through the direct heat exchange section;
contacting an outer surface of the housing with air moved by the fan assembly, the evaporative liquid, or a combination thereof to transfer heat relative to the housing;
wherein directing the evaporative liquid into the housing of the indirect heat exchange section includes using an evaporative fluid pump to pump the evaporative liquid to the evaporative liquid inlet of the housing; and
wherein air is pumped into the indirect heat exchange housing and through the exterior passageways of the indirect heat exchanger when the evaporative fluid pump is off to sensibly cool the indirect heat exchanger.
2. The method of exchanging heat of claim 1 , wherein the indirect heat exchanger includes a plate heat exchanger.
3. The method of exchanging heat of claim 1 , further comprising:
collecting the evaporative liquid that exits the direct heat exchange section in a sump, and
wherein using the evaporative fluid pump to pump the evaporative liquid to the evaporative liquid inlet of the housing includes pumping collected evaporative liquid to the evaporative liquid inlet of the indirect heat exchange section housing.
4. The method of exchanging heat of claim 1 wherein
the air moving through the direct heat exchange section moves generally cross-current to the direction of flow of the evaporative liquid through the direct heat exchange section.
5. The method of exchanging heat of claim 1 wherein
the indirect heat exchange section is located adjacent to the direct heat exchange section.
6. The method of exchanging heat of claim 1 , wherein directing the evaporative liquid into the housing of the indirect heat exchange section via the evaporative fluid inlet includes using the pump to force the evaporative liquid through the housing.
7. The method of exchanging heat of claim 6 , wherein a velocity of the forced evaporative liquid moving through the housing is higher than that of a naturally flowing liquid by gravity.
8. The method of exchanging heat of claim 1 , wherein the evaporative liquid is distributed through the plurality of external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger at a velocity greater than the natural flow of the liquid by gravity.
9. A method of exchanging heat using an apparatus comprising a direct evaporative heat exchange section, an indirect heat exchange section, and an evaporative liquid distribution assembly, the indirect heat exchange section having a housing and an indirect heat exchanger in the housing, the housing having an evaporative liquid inlet and an evaporative liquid outlet and being configured to conduct a fluid stream of evaporative fluid from the evaporative liquid inlet through a plurality of external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger to the evaporative liquid outlet, the direct heat exchange section comprising an air inlet and an air outlet, the evaporative liquid distribution assembly including a conduit connected to the evaporative liquid outlet of the housing, the method comprising:
directing an evaporative liquid into the indirect heat exchange section housing via the evaporative liquid inlet, through the external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger to exit from the evaporative liquid outlet of the indirect heat exchange housing, wherein indirect heat exchange occurs between a fluid stream in a plurality of internal passageways of the indirect heat exchanger and the evaporative liquid in the external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger,
directing the evaporative liquid from the evaporative liquid outlet of the indirect heat exchange housing to the conduit of the evaporative liquid distribution assembly,
distributing the evaporative liquid from the evaporative liquid distribution assembly onto and through the direct heat exchange section, the evaporative liquid distribution assembly being downstream from the indirect heat exchange section housing in the direction of flow of the evaporative liquid,
operating a fan assembly to move air including moving air between the air inlet and the air outlet of the direct heat exchange section, the air moving through the direct heat exchange section directly exchanging heat with the evaporative liquid moving through the direct heat exchange section;
contacting an outer surface of the indirect heat exchange section housing with air moved by the fan assembly, the evaporative liquid, or a combination thereof to transfer heat relative to the housing;
wherein directing an evaporative liquid into the indirect heat exchange section housing via the evaporative liquid inlet includes using an evaporative fluid pump to pump the evaporative liquid to the evaporative liquid inlet of the housing; and
wherein air is pumped into the indirect heat exchange housing and through the indirect heat exchange section when the evaporative fluid pump is off to sensibly cool the indirect heat exchange section.
10. The method of exchanging heat of claim 9 , wherein the indirect heat exchanger includes a plate heat exchanger.
11. The method of exchanging heat of claim 9 , further comprising: collecting the evaporative liquid that exits the direct heat exchange section, and
pumping the collected evaporative liquid to the evaporative liquid inlet of the indirect heat exchange section housing.
12. The method of exchanging heat of claim 9 wherein
the air moving through the direct heat exchange section moves generally cross-current to the direction of flow of the evaporative liquid through the direct heat exchange section.
13. The method of exchanging heat of claim 9 wherein
the indirect heat exchange section is located adjacent the direct heat exchange section.
14. The method of exchanging heat of claim 9 , wherein distributing the evaporative liquid from the water distribution assembly onto and through the direct heat exchange section includes using the pump to force the evaporative liquid through the housing.
15. The method of exchanging heat of claim 14 , wherein a velocity of the forced evaporative liquid moving through the housing is higher than that of a naturally flowing liquid by gravity.
16. The method of exchanging heat of claim 9 , wherein the evaporative liquid is distributed through the plurality of external passageways of the indirect heat exchange section at a velocity greater than the natural flow of the liquid by gravity.
17. The method of claim 9 wherein the direct heat exchange section includes fill sheets.
18. A cooling tower comprising:
a direct evaporative heat exchange section;
an evaporative liquid distribution assembly configured to distribute evaporative liquid onto the direct evaporative heat exchange section, the evaporative liquid distribution assembly including a conduit;
a fan assembly operable to move air including moving air through the direct evaporative heat exchange section to exchange heat between the air and the evaporative liquid moving through the direct evaporative heat exchange section;
an indirect heat exchange section comprising:
a housing having an evaporative liquid inlet and an evaporative liquid outlet, the evaporative liquid outlet connected to the evaporative liquid distribution assembly conduit so that the housing is upstream of the evaporative liquid distribution assembly in the direction of flow of the evaporative liquid;
the housing having an outer surface configured to be contacted by air moved by the fan assembly, the evaporative liquid, or a combination thereof to transfer heat relative to the housing;
an indirect heat exchanger in the housing, the indirect heat exchanger comprising:
an inlet to receive an internal fluid stream;
a plurality of internal passageways for the internal fluid stream;
an outlet for the internal fluid stream;
a plurality of external passageways for the evaporative liquid in the housing;
wherein the indirect heat exchanger is configured to separate the internal fluid stream in the internal passageways of the indirect heat exchanger from evaporative fluid in the external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger;
a sump configured to collect evaporative liquid from the direct evaporative heat exchange section;
an evaporative liquid pump operable to pump the collected evaporative liquid to the evaporative fluid inlet of the housing, through the external passageways of the indirect heat exchanger in the housing, out the evaporative fluid outlet of the housing, and into the conduit of the evaporative liquid distribution assembly; and
an air source operable to direct air into the indirect heat exchange section housing.
19. The cooling tower of claim 18 further comprising an outer structure; and
wherein the direct heat exchange section and indirect heat exchange section are in the outer structure.
20. The cooling tower of claim 18 wherein the indirect heat exchanger includes a plurality of plates, a plurality of tubes, or a combination thereof.
21. The cooling tower of claim 18 wherein the direct heat exchange section includes fill sheets.
22. The cooling tower of claim 18 wherein the indirect heat exchange section includes at least one valve operable to selectively permit either the evaporative liquid to flow into the evaporative liquid inlet of the housing or air from the air source to enter the housing.
23. The cooling tower of claim 22 wherein the cooling tower has a wet operating mode wherein the evaporative liquid pump is operated and the at least one valve permits the evaporative liquid to flow into the evaporative liquid inlet of the housing; and
wherein the cooling tower has a dry operating mode wherein the at least one valve permits the air from the air source to enter the housing.