Electrochromic materials and optical systems employing the same
Devices and methods related generally to electrochromic materials and their use. In some embodiments, the electrochromic materials are for use on an optical substrate, such as a lens, a semi-finished lens blank, and the like. Some embodiments include an electrochromic stack including nanostructured materials. Some embodiments include an electrochromic stack including nanostructured electrochromic materials. Some embodiments include one or more ion-conducting layers. Methods of making electrochromic stacks having nanostructured materials and/or ion-conducting layers are also discussed.
1. An electrochromic optical system comprising:
a first substrate;
a first nanostructured layer disposed on a first side of the first substrate, the first nanostructured layer comprising a first nanostructured material;
a first ion-conducting layer disposed on the first side of the first nanostructured layer;
a second substrate;
a second nanostructured layer disposed on a first side of the second substrate, the second nanostructured layer comprising a second nanostructured material;
a second ion-conducting layer disposed on the first side of the second nanostructured layer; and
a first electrolyte between the first ion-conducting layer and the second ion-conducting layer,
wherein the first substrate, the first nanostructured layer, the first ion-conducting layer, the first electrolyte, the second ion-conducting layer, the second nanostructured layer and the second substrate are stacked in this order, and
wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are assembled to form the electrochromic optical system.
2. The electrochromic optical system of claim 1 , further comprising a second electrolyte over the first electrolyte, and wherein the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte are deposited.
3. The electrochromic optical system of claim 2 , wherein each of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte have a surface topography that is smooth and flat.
4. The electrochromic optical system of claim 2 , wherein each of the first nanostructured layer, the first ion-conducting layer, the first electrolyte, the second ion-conducting layer, and the second nanostructured layer has a thickness of 5 to 1000 nm.
5. The electrochromic optical system of 1 , further comprising a first transparent conductive layer over the first nanostructured layer and a second transparent conductive layer over the second nanostructured layer.
6. The electrochromic optical system of claim 5 , wherein the second nanostructured layer is in direct contact with the second transparent conductive layer.
7. The electrochromic optical system of claim 5 , wherein the first nanostructured layer is in direct contact with the first transparent conductive layer.
8. The electrochromic optical system of claim 7 , wherein the first nanostructured material comprises a first electrochromic material.
9. The electrochromic optical system of claim 8 , wherein the first electrochromic material is an electrochromic oxide selected from the group consisting of: tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, iridium oxide, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, rhodium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, and combinations thereof.
10. The electrochromic optical system of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first nanostructured material and the second nanostructured material comprises at least one of: nanopores, nanospheres, nanograins, nanorods, nanoridges, nanoplatelets, and nanoparticles.
11. The electrochromic optical system of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first ion-conducting layer and the second ion-conducting layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: lithium oxide, lithium niobate, Li-doped tungsten oxide, Li-doped nickel oxide, organic silica, and combinations thereof.
12. The electrochromic optical system of claim 11 , wherein the first ion-conducting layer in contact with the first nanostructured layer penetrates into the first nanostructured material.
13. The electrochromic optical system of claim 1 , wherein the first ion-conducting layer is in contact with the first nanostructured layer.
14. The electrochromic optical system of claim 13 , wherein the second ion-conducting layer in contact with the second nanostructured layer penetrates into the second nanostructured material.
15. The electrochromic optical system of claim 1 , wherein the second ion-conducting layer is in contact with the second nanostructured layer.
16. The electrochromic optical system of claim 1 , wherein a change in a refractive index at every layer within the electrochromic optical system is no greater than 0.4.
17. An electrochromic optical system comprising:
a first substrate;
a first nanostructured layer disposed on a first side of the first substrate, the first nanostructured layer comprising a first nanostructured material;
a first ion-conducting layer disposed on the first side of the first nanostructured layer;
a second substrate;
a second nanostructured layer disposed on a first side of the second substrate, the second nanostructured layer comprising a second nanostructured material;
a second ion-conducting layer disposed on the second side of the second nanostructured layer; and
a first electrolyte between the first ion-conducting layer and the second ion-conducting layer,
wherein the first substrate, the first nanostructured layer, the first ion-conducting layer, the first electrolyte, the second ion-conducting layer, the second nanostructured layer and the second substrate are stacked in this order,
wherein there are no layers between the first nanostructured layer, the first ion-conducting layer, the first electrolyte, the second ion-conducting layer, and the second nanostructured layer when these layers are stacked in this order, and
wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are assembled to form the electrochromic optical system.
18. The electrochromic optical system of claim 17 , wherein the first nanostructured layer comprises a first electrochromic material, and the second nanostructured layer comprises a second electrochromic material.
19. The electrochromic optical system of claim 18 , wherein the first ion-conducting layer has an index of refraction between the index of refraction of the first electrolyte and the index of refraction of the first electrochromic material, and the second ion-conducting layer has an index of refraction between the index of refraction of the first electrolyte and the index of refraction of the second electrochromic material.