Ion detectors and methods of using them
Certain embodiments described herein are directed to ion detectors and systems. In some examples, the ion detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the ion detectors are also described.
1. A detector comprising an electron multiplier comprising a plurality of dynodes each electrically coupled to a respective electrometer, wherein each dynode-electrometer pair is electrically coupled to a first processor configured to simultaneously detect input and output current signals at each dynode of the plurality of dynodes, and wherein the first processor is configured to average detected input current signals at each dynode with a detected current input signal above a noise current input signal and below a saturation current input signal to determine a mean electron multiplier input current.
2. The detector of claim 1 , in which the plurality of dynodes and the electrometers are in the same housing.
3. The detector of claim 1 , in which each electrometer is electrically coupled to a respective signal converter.
4. The detector of claim 3 , in which each of the respective signal converters is an analog-to-digital converter.
5. The detector of claim 4 , in which each of the analog-to-digital converters is electrically coupled to the first processor.
6. The detector of claim 4 , further comprising a respective power converter electrically coupled to each electrometer and analog-to-digital converter pair.
7. The detector of claim 1 , in which the first processor is configured to alter the voltage at, upstream or downstream of a dynode where a saturation current is detected.
8. The detector of claim 7 , in which the first processor is configured to invert the polarity of a voltage of the downstream dynode.
9. The detector of claim 1 , in which the first processor is configured to prevent any substantial secondary electron emission from a downstream dynode adjacent to the dynode where a saturation current is detected.
10. A detector comprising an electron multiplier comprising a plurality of internal dynodes, wherein at least two internal dynodes of the plurality of dynodes are electrically coupled to a respective electrometer, and wherein the dynode electrometer pairs are each electrically coupled to a first processor configured to detect an input and output current signal of the at least two internal dynodes electrically coupled to a respective electrometer, and wherein the first processor is configured to average detected input current signals at each dynode with a detected current input signal above a noise current input signal and below a saturation current input signal to determine a mean electron multiplier input current.
11. The detector of claim 10 , in which the plurality of internal dynodes and the electrometers are in the same housing.
12. The detector of claim 10 , in which each electrometer is electrically coupled to a respective signal converter.
13. The detector of claim 12 , in which each of the respective signal converters is an analog-to-digital converter.
14. The detector of claim 13 , in which each of the analog-to-digital converters is electrically coupled to the first processor.
15. The detector of claim 13 , further comprising a respective power converter electrically coupled to each electrometer and analog-to-digital converter pair.
16. The detector of claim 10 , in which the first processor is configured to alter a voltage at a downstream dynode from a dynode where a saturation current is detected.
17. The detector of claim 16 , in which the first processor is configured to invert the polarity of the voltage of the downstream dynode.
18. The detector of claim 10 , in which the first processor is configured to prevent any substantial secondary electron emission from a downstream dynode adjacent to a dynode where a saturation current is detected.