Rapid desorber heating and cooling for trace detection

1. A desorber, comprising:

a housing;

an inlet integrated into the housing and configured to receive a sample;

a heating element integrated into the housing and configured to generate heat that releases a vapor from the sample;

an internal cooling element positioned within the housing and configured to cool the heating element; and

an external cooling element integrated into the housing and configured to cool an external portion of the desorber, wherein the internal cooling element and the external cooling element are operable simultaneously or sequentially, and wherein the internal cooling element and external cooling element comprise at least one of a fan, a pump, a thermal electric cooler, a compression refrigeration cycle, or an absorption refrigeration cycle.

2. The desorber of claim 1 , wherein the heating element is a flash heater.

3. A method of operating a trace detection system for detecting a substance of interest within a sample, wherein the trace detection system comprises a desorber having a housing, an inlet integrated into the housing, a heating element integrated into the housing, an internal cooling element positioned within the housing and configured to cool the heating element, and an external cooling element integrated into the housing and configured to cool an external portion of the desorber, and wherein the internal cooling element and external cooling element comprise at least one of a fan, a pump, a thermal electric cooler, a compression refrigeration cycle, or an absorption refrigeration cycle, the method comprising:

receiving a first sample at the inlet;

heating, by the heating element, the desorber to a first temperature to release a vapor from the first sample;

transferring the vapor from the desorber to an analysis device configured to screen the vapor for the substance of interest;

simultaneously using the external cooling element to actively cool the external portion of the desorber and using the internal cooling element to actively cool the heating element and an internal portion of the desorber to at least a second temperature; and

receiving a second sample at the inlet.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein heating the heating element to a first temperature comprises heating the heating element in a plurality of stages to reach the first temperature and vaporize the sample.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein actively cooling the heating element comprises cooling the heating element in a plurality of stages to reach the second temperature.

7. The method of claim 3 , wherein a time between receiving the first sample and heating and then cooling the heating element to be ready for the second sample is 30 seconds or less.

8. The method of claim 3 , wherein a time between receiving the first sample and heating and then cooling the heating element to be ready for the second sample is from 30-120 seconds.

9. A system for detecting a substance of interest within a sample, the system comprising:

a desorber comprising a housing, an inlet integrated into the housing and configured to receive the sample, a heating element integrated into the housing and configured to generate heat that releases a vapor from the sample, an internal cooling element positioned within the housing and configured to cool the heating element and an internal portion of the desorber, and an external cooling element integrated into the housing and configured to cool an external portion of the desorber, wherein the internal cooling element and the external cooling element are operable simultaneously or sequentially, and wherein the internal cooling element and external cooling element comprise at least one of a fan, a pump, a thermal electric cooler, a compression refrigeration cycle, or an absorption refrigeration cycle; and

an analysis device configured to screen the vapor for the substance of interest.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the substance of interest includes at least one of an explosive, an energetic material, a taggant, a narcotic, a pharmaceutical product, a toxin, a chemical warfare agent, a biological warfare agent, a pollutant, a pesticide, a toxic industrial chemical, a toxic industrial material, a homemade explosive, a pharmaceutical trace contaminant, a biomarker for medical applications, a chemical marker for medical applications, a biomarker for clinical hygienic applications, a chemical marker for clinical hygienic applications, a precursor thereof, a byproduct thereof, a metabolite thereof, or combinations thereof.

11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the analysis device includes at least one of an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS), an ion trap mobility spectrometer (ITMS), a drift spectrometer (DS), a non-linear drift spectrometer, a field ion spectrometer (FIS), a radio frequency ion mobility increment spectrometer (IMIS), a field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometer (FAIMS), an ultra-high-field FAIMS, a differential ion mobility spectrometer (DIMS) and a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS), a traveling wave ion mobility spectrometer, a semiconductor gas sensor, a raman spectrometer, a laser diode detector, a mass spectrometer (MS), an electron capture detector, a photoionization detector, a chemiluminescence-based detector, an electrochemical sensor, an infrared spectrometer, a lab-on-a-chip detector, or combinations thereof.

12. The system of claim 9 , wherein the heating element is a flash heater.

13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the inlet is configured to receive the sample in a solid phase, a liquid phase, a gas phase, or combinations thereof.