Graphene FET devices, systems, and methods of using the same for sequencing nucleic acids
Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods of employing the same for the performance of bioinformatics analysis. The apparatuses and methods of the disclosure are directed in part to large scale graphene FET sensors, arrays, and integrated circuits employing the same for analyte measurements. The present GFET sensors, arrays, and integrated circuits may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved GFET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense GFET sensor based arrays. Improved fabrication techniques employing graphene as a reaction layer provide for rapid data acquisition from small sensors to large and dense arrays of sensors. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes, including DNA hybridization and/or sequencing reactions. Accordingly, GFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis within a gated reaction chamber of the GFET based sensor.
1. An integrated circuit for sequencing one or more strands of nucleic acids, the integrated circuit comprising:
a substrate;
an array of one or more graphene field effect transistors arranged on the substrate, each of the graphene field effect transistors comprising:
a first nonconductive material formed over the substrate a source and a drain formed in the first nonconductive material, the source and drain being separated by a channel, the source and the drain being formed of an electrically conductive material, the channel being formed of a layer of graphene;
a gate layer formed over the channel to electrically connect the source and the drain, the gate layer further comprising a surface structure that overlaps the source and the drain, the surface structure further defining a well having side walls and a bottom that extends over at least a portion of the graphene layer of the channel so as to form a reaction chamber; and
a chemically-sensitive bead provided in the reaction chamber, the chemically-sensitive bead being configured with one or more reactants to interact with portions of the strands of nucleic acids such that the associated graphene layer detects a change in ion concentration of the reactants by a change in current flow from the source to the drain via an activation of the graphene layer.
2. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising an ion sensitive layer disposed over the portion of the graphene layer at the bottom of the well, the ion sensitive layer being formed of an ion sensitive material.
3. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the chemically-sensitive bead is provided to the reaction chamber in a fluid solution.
4. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the first non-conductive material includes silicon.
5. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material that forms the source and/or the drain is selected from the group of electrically conductive materials that consist of: copper, damascene, aluminum, platinum, and gold.
6. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the surface structure of the gate layer is formed of a second nonconductive material selected from the group of second nonconductive materials that consist of: polymide, BCB, silicon dioxide, silicon oxynitride, and silicon carbide.
7. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the channel has a length of between 0.05 microns and 3 microns.
8. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the channel has a width of between 0.05 microns and 2 microns.
9. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 2 , wherein the ion sensitive material includes an oxide material.
10. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 9 , wherein the oxide material is selected from the group of oxide materials that consist of: aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, hafnium dioxide, hafnium silicate, zirconium silicate, zirconium dioxide, lanthanum oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, and yttrium oxide.
11. An integrated circuit for sequencing one or more strands of nucleic acids by a sequencing reaction, the integrated circuit comprising:
a substrate;
one or more graphene field effect transistors arranged in an array on the substrate, each of the graphene field effect transistors comprising:
a primary layer forming a base layer;
a secondary layer over the primary layer, the secondary layer being formed of a first nonconductive material;
a source and a drain formed in the first nonconductive material, the source and drain being separated from each other by a channel, the source and the drain being formed of an electrically conductive material; and
a tertiary layer over the secondary layer, the tertiary layer comprising a gate formed over the channel to electrically connect the source and the drain, the channel having a layer of graphene, the tertiary layer further comprising a surface structure that overlaps the source and the drain in the secondary layer, the surface structure further defining a well having side walls and a bottom that extends over at least a portion of the layer of graphene so as to form a reaction chamber for performance of the sequencing reaction in which the graphene layer is configured to detect a change in ion concentration by a change in current flow from the source to the drain via an activation of the graphene layer resulting from the performance of the sequencing reaction.
12. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 11 , further comprising an ion sensitive layer disposed over the portion of the graphene layer at the bottom of the well, the ion sensitive layer being formed of an ion sensitive material.
13. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 11 , wherein the electrically conductive material that forms the source and/or the drain is selected from the group of electrically conductive materials that consist of: copper, damascene, aluminum, platinum, and gold.
14. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 11 , further comprising an ion selective permeable membrane positioned over the graphene layer.
15. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 11 , wherein the gate is configured as a solution gate.
16. An integrated circuit for performing a sequencing reaction, the sequencing reaction sequencing one or more strands of nucleic acids, the integrated circuit comprising:
one or more graphene field effect transistors arranged in an array, each of the graphene field effect transistors comprising: a primary layer forming a base layer;
an intermediary layer over the primary layer, the intermediary layer being formed of a first nonconductive material and comprising a source and a drain formed in the first nonconductive material, the source and drain being separated from each other by a channel, the source and the drain being formed of an electrically conductive material; and
a tertiary layer over the secondary layer, the tertiary layer comprising a gate formed over the channel, the channel to electrically connect the source and the drain, the channel being formed of a graphene layer, the tertiary layer further comprising a surface structure that overlaps the source and the drain in the secondary layer, the surface structure further defining a well having side walls and a bottom that extends over at least a portion of the graphene layer of the channel so as to form a reaction chamber for the performance of the sequencing reaction.
17. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 16 , further comprising an ion sensitive layer disposed over the portion of the graphene layer at the bottom of the well, the ion sensitive layer being formed of an ion sensitive material.
18. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 16 , wherein the electrically conductive material that forms the source and/or the drain is selected from the group of electrically conductive materials that consist of: copper, damascene, aluminum, platinum, and gold.
19. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 16 , further comprising an ion selective permeable membrane positioned over the graphene layer.
20. The integrated circuit in accordance with claim 16 , wherein the gate is configured as a solution gate.