Methods of genomic evaluation in livestock
The invention encompasses methods for increasing genetic progress in livestock, and for genetic dissemination, including the use of amniocentesis to obtain fetal amniocytes for use in genomic evaluation and cloning.
1. A method of determining a genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) or a genomic predicted transmitting ability (GPTA) of a non-human mammalian fetus or embryo comprising:
removing a tissue or a cell sample directly from an embryo or fetus while the fetus or embryo is gestating in a female, the fetus or embryo remaining viable in the female after the tissue or cell sample is removed;
extracting DNA from one or more fetal or embryonic cells derived from the tissue or cell sample;
genotyping the DNA to obtain a genotype for the fetus or embryo;
determining a GEBV or a GPTA of the fetus or embryo based on the genotype;
selecting the fetus or embryo as a parent based on the genotype; and
producing offspring developed from the fetus or embryo.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of culturing the one or more fetal or embryonic cells.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of cloning the fetus or embryo using a fetal or embryonic cell.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more fetal or embryonic cells comprise stem cells or fibroblasts.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the genotype is a SNP genotype.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the DNA is genotyped using a SNP chip or array.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of calculating a selection index using the GEBV or the GPTA.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of verifying parentage of the fetus or embryo using the genotype.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-human mammalian fetus or embryo is a bovid.
10. A method of increasing genetic progress in a population of non-human mammals comprising:
removing a tissue or a cell sample directly from an embryo or fetus while the fetus or embryo is gestating in a female, the fetus or embryo remaining viable in the female after the tissue or cell sample is removed;
extracting DNA from one or more fetal or embryonic cells derived from the tissue or cell sample;
genotyping the DNA to obtain a genotype for the fetus or embryo;
selecting the fetus or embryo as a parent for the population based on the genotype; and
producing offspring developed from the fetus or embryo.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising the step of cloning the fetus or embryo using the one or more fetal or embryonic cells.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the one or more fetal or embryonic cells comprise fibroblasts or stem cells.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising the step of determining a GEBV or a GPTA of the fetus or embryo based on the genotype.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the genotype is an SNP genotype.
15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the steps of
fertilizing an oocyte from the clone with sperm from a male in the population to produce an embryo or fetus; and
transferring the embryo or fetus into a female recipient for gestation.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the sperm is sex-sorted sperm of which at least 60% bear an X-chromosome.
17. A method of genetic dissemination comprising:
removing a tissue or a cell sample directly from an embryo or fetus while the fetus or embryo is gestating in a female, the fetus or embryo remaining viable in the female after the tissue or cell sample is removed;
extracting DNA from one or more fetal or embryonic cells derived from the tissue or cell sample;
genotyping the DNA to obtain a genotype for the fetus or embryo;
selecting the fetus or embryo as a donor of oocytes for use in IVF based on the genotype; and
producing offspring developed from the fetus or embryo.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising the steps of
collecting one or more oocytes from the donor; and
fertilizing the one or more oocytes with sex-sorted sperm to produce one or more female embryos or fetuses.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising the step of
transferring the one or more female embryos or fetuses into one or more recipient females.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the one or more recipient females comprise production animals.
21. The method of claim 19 , further comprising the steps of
producing one or more heifers or cows from the one or more female embryos or fetuses; and
producing milk from the one or more heifers or cows.
22. The method of claim 17 , further comprising the step of determining a GEBV or a GPTA of the fetus or embryo based on the genotype.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the genotype is an SNP genotype.