Methods for treating lignocellulosic materials

1. A product comprising or derived from a lignin composition having a degree of condensation of less than 0.9 and characterized by at least two characteristics selected from the group consisting of:

(i) lignin aliphatic hydroxyl group in an amount up to 2 mmole/g;

(ii) at least 2.5 mmole/g lignin phenolic hydroxyl group;

(iii) less than 0.40 mmole/g lignin carboxylic hydroxyl group;

(iv) sulfur in an amount up to 1% weight/weight;

(v) nitrogen in an amount up to 0.5% weight/weight;

(vi) 5% degradation temperature higher than 220° C.;

(vii) 10% degradation temperature higher than 260° C.;

(viii) less than 1% ash weight/weight;

(ix) a formula of C a H b O c ; wherein a is 9, b is less than 12 and c is less than 3.5;

(x) a methoxyl content of at least 0.8;

(xi) an O/C weight ratio of less than 0.4; and

(xii) a glass transition elevation between a first and a second heat cycle as measured by differential scanning calorimetry according to DIN 53765 in the range of 10 to 30° C.;

wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of: carbon fibers, protective coatings, lignosulfonates, dispersants, emulsifiers, complexants, flocculants, agglomerants, pelletizing additives, resins, adhesives, binders, absorbents, toxin binders, films, rubbers, elastomers, sequestrants, solid fuels, paints, dyes, plastics, wet spun fibers, melt spun fibers, flame retardants, a non-woven fabric, a woven fabric, insulation material, sports equipment, automotive parts, airplane or helicopter parts, boat hulls or portions thereof, and loudspeakers.

2. The product of claim 1 , comprising one or more other ingredients.

3. The product of claim 1 , wherein the product is provided as fibers.

4. The product of claim 3 , wherein a composite material comprises a polymer reinforced with the fibers and one or more materials selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, polyester, polyvinyl ester and nylon.

5. The product of claim 1 , wherein the product comprises a fiber.

6. The product according to claim 5 , characterized by lengthwise tubules with a transverse cross-sectional dimension of at least 5 microns.

7. The product according to claim 6 , wherein said transverse cross-sectional dimension is less than 20 microns.

8. The product according to claim 6 , wherein said tubules are characterized by an aspect ratio of transverse cross-sectional dimension to length less than 0.1.

9. The product according to claim 7 , wherein said tubules are characterized by an aspect ratio of transverse cross-sectional dimension to length less than 0.1.

10. The product according to claim 8 , wherein said aspect ratio is less than 0.025.

11. The product according to claim 9 , wherein said aspect ratio is less than 0.025.

12. The product of claim 1 , wherein the product comprises a fuel or a fuel ingredient.

13. The product of claim 2 , wherein the product comprises at least one chemical selected from the group consisting of: lignosulfonates, bio-oil, carboxylic and fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, hydroxyl-carboxylic, hydroxyl di-dicarboxylic acids and hydroxyl-fatty acids, methylglyoxal, mono-, di- or poly-alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, esters, biopolymers, proteins, peptides, amino acids, and para-xylene.

14. The product according to claim 13 , comprising para-xylene.

15. The product according to claim 13 , wherein the product is used in an area selected from the group consisting of food, feed, materials, agriculture, transportation and construction.

16. The product according to claim 13 , wherein the product has a ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 of about 2.0×10 −13 or greater.

17. The product comprising the ingredient according to claim 2 and an ingredient product from a raw material other than lignocellulosic material.

18. The product according to claim 2 , wherein the ingredient according to claim 17 and the ingredient produced from a raw material other than lignocellulosic material are essentially of the same chemical composition.

19. The product according to claim 18 , comprising a marker molecule at a concentration of at least 100 ppb.

20. The product according to claim 19 , wherein the marker molecule is selected from the group consisting of furfural and hydroxyl-methyl furfural, 2,3,5 trimethyl furan, products of their condensation, color compounds, acetic acid, p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid, (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) acetic acid, methylethyl ketone, methylpropenyl ketone, 3-(2-furyl)-3-penten-2-one, 3-methyl-2-penten-4-one, 3,4-dimethyl-4-hexene-one, 5-ethyl-5-hexene-3-one, 5-methyl-4-heptene-3-one, o-hydroxyanisole, 3-ethyl-4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one, 2′-hydroxy-4′-5′-dimethyl acetophenone, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane, methanol, galcturonic acid, dehydroabietic acid, glycerol, fatty acids and resin acids.