Mass detection through redox coupling

1. A method for detecting an analyte in a sample, comprising:

introducing a mixture comprising a redox analyte, one or more intermediate electron transfer agents, a soluble precipitation precursor, and, optionally or if needed, one or more redox cofactors, in proximity to a surface of a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR),

wherein the redox analyte in the presence of the one or more intermediate electron transfer agents, optional or required cofactors, and soluble precipitation precursor causes redox of the soluble precipitation precursor to generate a precipitating molecule that precipitates on the surface of the TFBAR; and

measuring mass added at the surface of the TFBAR, wherein measuring the mass added at the surface of the TFBAR comprises actuating the TFBAR into an oscillating motion and measuring one or more resonator output signals representing resonance characteristics of the oscillating motion of the TFBAR.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one or more of the intermediate electron transfer agents are immobilized on the surface of the TFBAR.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the intermediate electron transfer agents is an enzyme selective for the analyte.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the electron transfer agents is selective for the soluble precipitation precursor.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises at least two intermediate electron transfer agents, wherein at least one of the intermediate electron transfer agents is an enzyme selective for the analyte and wherein at least one of the electron transfer agents is selective for the soluble precipitation precursor.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the mass added to the surface of the TFBAR comprises:

coupling an input electrical signal to the TFBAR, the input electric signal having a frequency within a resonance band of the piezoelectric resonator, wherein the frequency is about 900 MHz or greater;

transmitting the input electrical signal through or across the TFBAR to generate an output electrical signal having a frequency;

receiving the output electrical signal from the TFBAR; and

determining a change in phase shift of the output electrical signal caused by deposition of the precipitate on the surface of the TFBAR.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the change in phase shift is a change in insertion or reflection coefficient phase shift.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the mass added to or bound to the surface of the TFBAR comprises:

actuating the TFBAR into an oscillating motion at a frequency of about 900 MHz or greater;

measuring one or more resonator output signals representing resonance characteristics of the oscillating motion of the TFBAR; and

adjusting the actuation frequency of the sensing resonator to maintain a resonance point of the TFBAR.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the resonance point of the TFBAR is a point of maximum group delay.

10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the frequency is about 1.8 GHz or greater.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the intermediate electron transfer elements is an enzyme.

12. A system for detecting an analyte in a sample, comprising:

a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR) comprising a surface to which a first electron transfer agent is immobilized,

the first electron transfer agent being configured to selectively bind an analyte or a soluble precipitation precursor,

the TFBAR having a resonance frequency of 900 MHz or greater;

one or more containers housing the precipitation precursor and, optionally or if required, one or more redox cofactors;

a fluid path from the one or more containers to the surface of the TFBAR to which the first electron transfer agent is bound;

a fluid path for introduction of the analyte with the precipitation precursor;

actuation circuitry configured to drive the TFBAR in an oscillating motion;

measurement circuitry arranged to be coupled to the TFBAR and configured to measure one or more resonator output signals representing resonance characteristics of the oscillating motion of the sensing resonator; and

a controller operatively coupled with the actuation and measurement circuitry.

13. A method for detecting activity or presence of an enzyme in a sample, comprising:

introducing a mixture comprising one target redox enzyme, one or more redox substrates for the target redox enzyme, one or more intermediate electron transfer agents, a soluble precipitation precursor, and, optionally or if needed, one or more redox cofactors, in proximity to a surface of a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR),

wherein the redox enzyme in the presence of the one or more redox substrates and one or more intermediate electron transfer agents, optional or required cofactors, and soluble precipitation precursor causes redox of the soluble precipitation precursor to generate a precipitating molecule that precipitates on the surface of the TFBAR; and

measuring mass added at the surface of the TFBAR, wherein measuring the mass added at the surface of the TFBAR comprises actuating the TFBAR into an oscillating motion and measuring one or more resonator output signals representing resonance characteristics of the oscillating motion of the TFBAR.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein at least one or more of the intermediate electron transfer agents are immobilized on the surface of the TFBAR.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein at least one of the electron transfer agents is selective for the soluble precipitation precursor.

16. The method of claim 13 , wherein measuring the mass added to our bound to the surface of the TFBAR comprises:

coupling an input electrical signal to the TFBAR, the input electric signal having a frequency within a resonance band of the piezoelectric resonator, wherein the frequency is about 900 MHz or greater;

transmitting the input electrical signal through or across the TFBAR to generate an output electrical signal having a frequency;

receiving the output electrical signal from the TFBAR; and

determining a change in phase shift of the output electrical signal caused by deposition of the precipitate on the surface of the TFBAR.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the change in phase shift is a change in insertion or reflection coefficient phase shift.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein measuring the mass added to or bound to the surface of the TFBAR comprises:

actuating the TFBAR into an oscillating motion at a frequency of about 900 MHz or greater;

measuring one or more resonator output signals representing resonance characteristics of the oscillating motion of the TFBAR; and

adjusting the actuation frequency of the sensing resonator to maintain a resonance point of the TFBAR.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the resonance point of the TFBAR is a point of maximum group delay.

20. A system for detecting activity or presence of a redox enzyme in a sample, comprising:

a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR) comprising a surface to which a first electron transfer agent is immobilized,

the first electron transfer agent being configured to selectively bind an analyte or a soluble precipitation precursor,

the TFBAR having a resonance frequency of 900 MHz or greater;

one or more containers housing a substrate for the redox enzyme, the precipitation precursor and, optionally or if required, one or more redox cofactors;

a fluid path from the one or more containers to the surface of the TFBAR to which the first electron transfer agent is bound;

a fluid path for introduction of the enzyme with the substrate, the precipitation precursor and, optionally or if required, one or more redox cofactors;

actuation circuitry configured to drive the TFBAR in an oscillating motion;

measurement circuitry arranged to be coupled to the TFBAR and configured to measure one or more resonator output signals representing resonance characteristics of the oscillating motion of the sensing resonator; and

a controller operatively coupled with the actuation and measurement circuitry.